Scribd
Upload
70 views29 pages

Chapter 4

Uploaded by

Dharveen Raj Saravanan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
70 views29 pages

Chapter 4

Uploaded by

Dharveen Raj Saravanan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Chapter 4:

Uniform Open Channel


DCC50222

RHAHIMI BINTI JAMIL


Title and Content
• Explain the concept of uniform flow in open channel
 Describe uniform flow
 Explain hydraulic gradient, wet perimeter and hydraulic
radius
• Identify Manning’s Equation and coefficient and coefficient for
several types of surface channel
 Calculate the flow rate, section dimension or channel slope
using Manning’s Equation
 Distinguish the best hydraulic cross section using Manning’s
Equation
Type of Open Channel
1. Natural Channel

•Naturally occuring

•Examples: River and streams

•Changes with spatial and temporal (non prismatic channel)

2. Artificial Channel

•Channel designed and made by human

•Examples: earth or concrete lined drainage and irrigation

•Prismatic channel (No change in geometry with distance)


3. Example of open channel:
 Rivers and streams
 Drainage
 Ditches
 Irrigation canal
Prismatic Channel

• A channel in which the cross sectional shape, size


and bottom slope are constant is termed as a
prismatic channel
• Most of the man-made channels (artificial) channel
are prismatic channels
• The rectangle, trapezoid, triangle and circle are
some common man-made channels
Type of Open
Channel
Section
Based on temporal (Time, t) & Spatial (Space, x)
Time Criteria Space Criteria

 Steady flow (dy/dx =0).  Uniform flow (dy/dx =0).


Water depth at one point Water depth same along
same all the time. (Flow the whole length of flow
constant with time)
 Non-uniform flow (dy/dx
 Unsteady flow (dy/dt ≠ ≠ 0). Water depth changes
0). Water depth changes either rapidly or gradually
all the time. (Flow flow.
variation with time)
Uniform Flow – Types of Flow

For a given length of the channel, the velocity of flow, slope of the channel
**

and cross-section remain constant, the flow is said to be uniform

V1= V2
A1= A2
Parameters of Open Channels
Hydraulic gradient
 Vector gradient between two or more hydraulic head
 measurements over the length of the flow path

Wet Perimeter(P)
 The Length of contact between Liquid and sides and base of Channel

Hydraulic Radius (R) or Hydraulic Mean Depth (m)


 If cross sectional area is A, then m or R=A/P.
Top width (T): The width of channel section
at the free surface.

Hydraulic depth: D = A/T

Base slope (So): So= tan θ

Side Slope (z):The ratio of the horizontal to


vertical distance of the sides of the channel
Table 1: Maximum Channel Side Slopes (z)
UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN
CHANNEL

Manning Equation:

1 2/ 3 1/ 2
𝑄= 𝐴 𝑚 𝑖
𝑛

𝑄 =𝑉𝐴
Example 1:
An open channel of width = 3m as shown, bed
slope = 1:5000 and d=1.5m. Find the flow rate
using Manning equation if n=0.025.
Example 2
Determine the hydraulic radius, R of the triangular
section sd shown in the Figure.
Example 3:
Water floes in the canal as shown in the Figure. The
bottom drops 0.4m per 305m of length. The canal is
lined with new finished concrete. Determine,
a) The flow rate, and
b) The Froude number for this flow.
Example 4:
Calculate the minimum slope on which the channel shown in
Fig. 14.7 must be laid if it is to carry 1.416 m3/s of water with
a depth of 0.61 m. The sides and bottom of the channel are
made of formed, unfinished concrete.
Example 5:
Water flow along the drainage canal having the
properties shown in the Figure. The bottom slope is
0.002. Estimate the flowrate when the depth is 0.42m
Most Efficient Section
 During the design stages of an open channel, the channel cross-
section, roughness and bottom slope are given
 The objective is to determine the flow velocity, depth and flow
rate, given any one of them.
 The design of channels involves selecting the channel shape and
bed slope to convey a given discharge, slope and roughness, the
designer aims to minimize the cross-sectional area, A in
order to reduce construction costs.
 Because the hydraulic radius is equal to the water cross section
area divided by the wetted parameter, Channel section with the
least wetted parameter is the best hydraulic section
Thank You

You might also like