Chapter Two

Deflection of Determinate Structures

By
Abrham Eyassu
(PhD candidate)
(2017/2024)
1
 Topic
s

Integration method

Its application on:

Slope and Deflection of beams

2
 Introduction
• Deflection in structures refers to the degree to whi
ch a structural element is displaced under a load.
• It's a critical factor in structural engineering becau
se excessive deflection can cause damage or failur
e in buildings.
• Depends on several factors like the
• Material properties,
• Cross sectional shape,
• Length of the member, and the type
• Position of loads and
• Type of supports.
3
 Introduction
• Under the action of external load and self-
weights, internal action of the structures are
developed.

External state of equilibrium

Distribution of internal shear and

bending moments (shear and
BM diagrams)
4
Introduction

Moment

Curvature (accumulation of angles

change along length of member)

Cause
Members to deflect (flexed or bent
configuration)
5
Introduction

Individual members must be:

Displacement
Fit together in
BC must be
compatible way
satisfied
Design of beams is complete if deflections are
determined and are within limiting values.
6
Introduction

Struct
ural
Analys
Analyti Matri is
Energ Numeri Semi-
Metho
cal x y Metho
cal Analytical
ds Metho Metho ds Methods
ds ds (Numerical-
Direct Finite Analytical)
Castiglia
integratio Element
n no’s Analysis
method
Singularity Finite
functions Unit load
Analysis
Strip
method … …
…

7
Introduction

Deflection of beams

What are inter actions in beams?

Left for discussion with students!!!

What do we mean by flexural

member?

Left for discussion with students!!!

8
 Introduction

Reasons for Deflection computation

For serviceability check

For analysis of indeterminate

structures

9
Introduction

10
Introduction

11
 Introduction
• In this chapter we will discuss on the following
methods

12
 Direct Integration Method
• Involves
• Writing the expression for M/EI (bending
moment divided by flexural rigidity of the beam)
(in terms of x) and

• Integrating this expression successively to obtain

equations for the slope and deflection of the
elastic curve.

• Constant integrations are determined from

boundary conditions.

13
 Direct Integration Method

• Its application might be complicated

for discontinuity (due to change in
loading and/or flexural rigidity ).
• These two introduces two constant
integrations.
• Singularity of functions could solve
this problem.

14
 Derivation DIM

• In elastic analysis, the deflected

shape of a simply supported beam
is normally assumed to be a circular
arc of radius R or ρ (R or ρ) is known
as the radius of curvature)

15
 Reminder

• Euler-Bernoulli beam
• Small deflection
• Subjected to lateral loads only
• 1D beam
• Cross section of the beam does not deform
under transverse loading, i.e. rigid cross
section in its plane (cross sections remain
planar after deformation)

16
Derivation DIM

17
Derivation DIM

18
Deflection and Slope of Beams

• The deflection v(x) is the transverse displacement of any point x of the beam
while the slope θ(x) is the beam’s rotation. For small displacement/rotation
problems, it can safely be assumed that:

tan (x)   (x) 

v x

19
Integration Method

• Euler-Bernoulli beam curvature;

2 v M (x)
1   
z
 x2 Mz Mz
EI
zz

• Integrate once;
v M (x)
 (x) x  EI zzz dx 1
C
• Integrate twice;
M z (x)
v(x)  EI zz C
dx  C1 x  2


20
Introduction

21
 C
Introduction

De omm
fo flec on

22
fo rm tio
r b ul n
e a as
m
s
Introduction

23
Introduction

24
y

2F F

L/3 L/3 L/3

25
26
Example 1 continued
y

2F F

x
A D

C
5F/3 4F/3
L/3 L/3 L/3

• Beam bending equation;

5 Fx; 0xL
 3
L x
M (x) 35 Fx  2F (x  L3); 33 3
 2L 2L
5
 Fx  2F (x  L 3 )  F (x  2L 3 ); 3
xL
3
1
  5
Fx2 C 1; Lx
0

6EI 3
5
1 2 L
Fx2   L x
 (x)   FxC; 3
2L
3
 6EI EI  3
3
5 1 2 2L

 L 1  2L x
2
Fx  Fx  2 F  x  C;5
3 L
6EI EI  3 
• Second integration produces deflection equation throughout the length of the
beam; 2EI  3 
 5 Lx
0
1 2

28
 Example 1 continued

• In order to obtain 6 constants, i.e. C1 to C6 , boundary

conditions and continuity conditions must employed;

v left
B  v right
B v left
C  v right
C

 Ble ft  right
B  Cleft  Cright


v(x  0) 
0 v(x  L) 
0
 C2  0

29
 We established
• Now let’s apply conditions; C2=0

5 3
5 L
3
 v Bright L L
v left
B 
F    C  1  C 2
18EI F    C3    C 4
L 3 3  3 3
18EI
5 L  Bright 
5 L
 Bleft  2 F   C
1
2 F   C 3
 3  3
6EI 6EI
5 3 3 5 3 1 3
 2L  1 L  2L  4 vright
 2L  L  2L  6
vleft
C 
18EI F    F    C 3 C C  18EI F    3EI F    C 5 C
 3  3EI 3 3 3  3 3

5 2 2 5 2 1 2
 2L  1 L  2L  L
 cleft  6EI F    EI F    C 3  cright  6EI F    EI F    C 5

3  3 3  3

30
 Example 1 continued

• Finally, we have 6 constants and six linear equations

and therefore by solving these equations
simultaneously we have;
14FL2
C1  C3  C5  
81EI

C2  C4  C6  0

31
32
 Example 1 continued

 5 Fx3  C1x  C2; Lx

0
 18EI 3
5 3 L 2L
1  L x
v(x)   Fx3  F  x    C x  34C ; 3 3
18EI5 3
3EI 3 3 3

 Fx  1  L 1 F  x  2L  2L
x
 5 6
18EI 3EI  3  6EI  3  3 L

• Displacement at node B becomes;

3
vB(x  L)  5 L L 23FL3
3 18EI F  3  C   3
1
486EI

33
 Task 1

• Where does the maximum deflection take place in the

beam?

• Where does the maximum slope take place in the

beam?

34
 Example 2

• The simply supported prismatic beam AB carries a

uniformly distributed load w per unit length.
Determine the equation of the elastic curve and the
maximum deflection of the beam using direct
integration method.
w

A B

35
Example 2 continued

C2  0

36
Example 2 continued

• So by substituting the constants of integration we

get the following;

• Maximum deflection occurs where slope becomes

zero;
dy 1 1 1 1
EI
dy 1 1 1
  wx3  wLx2  wL3     wx3  wLx 2  wL3   0 
EI 
dx 6 4 24 dx  6 4 24 

x
•
0.5LDeflection at x=0.5L becomes;

37
 Tutorial 1

• Determine the deflection curve and the deflection of

the free end of the cantilever beam carrying a point
load using integration method. The cantilever has
a doubly symmetrical cross section.

38
 Tutorial 2

• Determine the deflection

curve and the deflection of
the free end of the
cantilever beam carrying a
uniformly distributed load
using integration method.
The cantilever has a doubly
symmetrical cross section.

Answer: WL4/8EI

39
 Tutorial 3

• A uniform beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m.

It carries a trapezoidally distributed load with intensity
varying from 30kN/m at the left-hand support to 90kN/m
at the right-hand support. Considering The second
moment of area of the cross section of the beam is
120×106mm4 and Young’s modulus E=206,000N/mm2
and using direct integration method:
• Find the equation of the deflection curve
• Find the deflection at the mid-span point

Answer: 41 mm

3
 Tutorial 4

• Determine the position and magnitude of the maximum

deflection of the simply supported beam in terms of its
flexural rigidity EI.

Answer: 38.8/EI at 2.9m from left

41
 Tutorial 5

• A cantilever of length L and having a flexural rigidity

EI carries a distributed load that varies in intensity
from w/unit length at the built-in end to zero at the
free end. Find the deflection of the free end.

42