Second Edition, Global Edition

Chapters 27
Magnetic
Interactions

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Chapters 27
Magnetic
Interactions
presented by Dr. Rachid Mazini
School of Physics

Physics Building, 1st Floor, P104

[email protected]

Questions? Wednesday, Thursday 15:00-16:00

Please consult with your classmates and tutors beforehand!
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Chapter goal:

Yyou should be able to do the following:

 Define magnetism
 Distinguish between a permanent magnet and an electromagnet
 Explain how magnetic field can be defined in terms of what happens
to a charged particles moving through the field
 Apply the relationship between magnetic field, force, velocity, charge,
and the angle between the direction of velocity and magnetic field.
 Identify the relationship between current and magnetism.
 Determine the dynamics and kinematics of charged particles moving in
electric fields and magnetic fields

Slide 27-3
MAGNETISM:HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

 Magnet – A piece of metal that is able to attract/repel other

metal pieces.
 The first known magnets were naturally occurring lodestones,
iron ore called magnetite (Fe2O3)
 Magnets were discovered by a Greek shepherd called
Magnes in Magnesia (Northern Greece) about more than
4000 years ago.
 Magnes discovered that the nails in his shoes and metal tip of
his staff stuck to the large black stone on which he was
standing.
 The stone was later named magnetite, either after Magnes or
Magnesia.

Slide 27-4
MAGNETISM:DEFINITION

 Magnetism – The ability of one metal object to attract/repel

other metal objects
 It is caused by the movement of charged particles
 NB – Magnetism is not charge and is only produced by
moving charge

Slide 27-5
MAGENTISM:TYPES OF MAGNETS

The are three types of magnets:

 Permanent – Are naturally occurring magnets (magnetite
and earth) and those materials that retained their magnetism
once magnetized.
 Temporary – Magnets that act like permanent magnets
when are within a strong magnetic field, but loose their
magnetism when the field disappears (e.g. soft iron materials
like paper Clips, Cobalt, Nickel and certain alloys)
 Electromagnets - Are produced by passing and electric
current through a coil of wire, but they also loose magnetism
when the flow of current stops.

Slide 27-6
MAGNETISM:TYPES OF MAGNETS

 Magnets come in many different shapes and sizes:

earth magnetite

Slide 27-7
MAGNETISM: POLES

 Every magnet has two (magnetic) poles, namely North and South
poles

 Like poles repel, and unlike poles attract

 Magnets behave this way because there is a force between them that is
caused by the interaction of their magnetic fields

Slide 27-8
MAGNETISM: POLES

 The alignment of a magnet with the Earth provides a means of distinguishing

between the two types of poles
 A suspended bar magnet that is free to rotate about it’s equilibrium position
will always come to rest in the same position all the time.
 The pole of a freely suspended bar magnet that settles
toward north is defined as being the north pole of the
magnet (denoted N). The opposite pole is the south pole
(denoted S).
 When the compass is held horizontally, its needle points in the direction of
the Earth’s north pole (geographic north)

 This end of the needle is called the

north pole N. The opposite pole is the
south pole (geographic south).

 What is the difference between the “geographic north” and “the true magnetic
north?”
© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-9
Checkpoint 27.1

27.1 Because we cannot see any obvious difference between

the ends of a bar magnet, could it be that like poles attract each
other and unlike poles repel each other?

Unmarked Bar Magnets

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-10

Checkpoint 27.1

27.1 Because we cannot see any obvious difference between

the ends of a bar magnet, could it be that like poles attract each
other and unlike poles repel each other?

Unmarked Bar Magnets

 Answer: No, The north/south pole is determined by the way the magnet orients itself
with respect to Earth’s North pole. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-10

Checkpoint 27.4
27.4 (a) Which end of a compass needle is a north pole: the end
that points toward Earth’s North Pole or the other end? (b) If you
place a compass near the north pole of a magnet, what happens
to the compass needle? (c) Is Earth’s geographic North Pole a
magnetic north pole?
MAGNETISM: POLARIZATION

• Magnetic materials are attracted to both types of magnetic poles. The

presence of a magnet induces magnetic polarization in magnetic
materials.
• Unlike the case of electrical polarization, magnetic polarization is
retained by all magnetic materials, i.e., the polarization is permanent.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-11

Checkpoint 27.2

27.2 (a) Is the interaction between a charged object and an

electrically neutral object always attractive? Why or why not?
(b) In the Figure, which type of magnetic pole is induced at the
top of each paper clip?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-12

MAGNETISM: POLARIZATION
 Unlike the case of electricity where isolated charges can exist, magnets always
have two poles.
 Any attempt to cut a magnet in order to isolate the poles results in a physically
smaller magnet but still with two poles.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-13

MAGNETISM: POLARIZATION
 Unlike the case of electricity where isolated charges can exist, magnets always
have two poles.
 Any attempt to cut a magnet in order to isolate the poles results in a physically
smaller magnet but still with two poles.
 Elementary magnets, or magnetic dipoles, are aligned in magnetized materials

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-13

MAGNETISM: POLARIZATION
 Unlike the case of electricity where isolated charges can exist, magnets always
have two poles.
 Any attempt to cut a magnet in order to isolate the poles results in a physically
smaller magnet but still with two poles.
 Elementary magnets, or magnetic dipoles, are randomly aligned in
unmagnetized materials

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-13

MAGNETISM: POLARIZATION
 Unlike the case of electricity where isolated charges can exist, magnets always
have two poles.
 Any attempt to cut a magnet in order to isolate the poles results in a physically
smaller magnet but still with two poles.
 Elementary magnets, or magnetic dipoles, are randomly aligned in
unmagnetized materials

 Magnetic poles are only found in pairs

 Magnetic monopoles do not exist.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-13

Section 27.1
Clicker Question 1
How do magnetic poles interact with each other?

1. There are no interactions between magnetic poles.

2. Opposite poles repel and like poles attract.
3. Like poles repel and opposite poles attract.
Section 27.1
Answer Clicker Question 1
How do magnetic poles interact with each other?

The correct answer is 3. Like poles repel and opposite poles attract.
MAGNETIC/ELECTRIC FIELDS: ANALOGY

ELECTRIC FIELD MAGNETIC FIELD

1. A field of force surrounding a
1. A field of force surrounding a charged permanent or a moving charged particle
particle within which another charge in which another permanent or moving
particle experiences a force charge experiences a force
2. It is a vector quantity. 2. It is a vector quantity
3. Its direction is determined using a “test 3. It’s direction is determined by using a
electric charge” compass
4. Is represented by means of electric 4. Is represented by means of magnetic
field lines field lines
5. Field lines point away from positive 5. Field lines point away from north poles
charges toward negative charges toward south poles
6. The magnitude/strength of electric field 6. The magnitude/strength of magnetic
at any location is proportional to the field field at any location is proportional to the
line density at that location field line density at that location

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-14

MAGNETIC FIELDS LINES

 The magnetic field that exists in the vicinity of a magnet is

represented by magnetic field lines.
 At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is tangent to
the magnetic field line passing through that position.

Slide 27-15
MAGNETIC FIELDS LINES

MAGNETIC FIELD PATTERNS SURROUNDING A BAR MAGNET

B. Magnetic field patterns between

opposite poles of two bar magnets

Slide 27-15
MAGNETIC FIELDS LINES

MAGNETIC FIELD PATTERNS SURROUNDING A BAR MAGNET

B. Magnetic field patterns between

opposite poles of two bar magnets

Like electric field, we can associate the density of field

lines with the magnitude of the field:
 low density of lines : B small
 high density of lines: B big

Slide 27-15
MAGNETIC FIELDS LINES

MAGNETIC FIELD PATTERNS SURROUNDING A BAR MAGNET

Magnetic ield lines can be visualised by sprinkling iron fillings

around a magnet

Slide 27-15
MAGNETIC FIELDS LINES

MAGNETIC FIELD PATTERNS SURROUNDING A BAR MAGNET

A. Near a magnet, magnetic field lines B. Magnetic field patterns C. Magnetic field patterns
between opposite poles of two between like poles of two bar
points away from the north pole and toward
bar magnets magnets
a south pole.

At every location in a magnetic field line diagram, the magnitude of the magnetic
field line is proportional to the field line density at that location.

Slide 27-15
MAGNETIC FIELDS: FORCE

 The long-range behavior of magnetism can be explained by the

force field concept analogous to that used for electricity.
 A magnet is surrounded by a magnetic field,
 This field exerts a force on the poles of other magnets.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-16

CHECKPOINT 27.4

27.4 (a) Which end of a compass needle is a north pole: the end that
points toward Earth’s North Pole or the other end? (b) If you place a
compass near the north pole of a magnet, what happens to the compass
needle? (c) Is Earth’s geographic North Pole a magnetic north pole?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-17

CHARGE FLOW AND MAGNETISM

 Consider a conducting rod connected to a battery as shown in the figure.

 The top of the rod is connect to the negative terminal (low potential)
 The bottom of the rod is connected to the positive terminal (high potential)
 The upward pointing electric field arises inside the rod resulting in the
downward flow of electrons in the rod.
 The flow of current through the rod causes circular alignment of compass
needles

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-18

CHARGE FLOW AND MAGNETISM

 The compass needle will be pointing in the direction of current.

 If the direction of the current flow is reversed, the compass needles will
point in the opposite direction

 If the flow of current is stopped, the compass needle will point toward the
Earth’s geographic North.

 A flow of charged particles causes a magnetic field.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-19

CHARGE FLOW AND MAGNETISM

 A flow of negative charge in one direction is equivalent to a flow of

positive charge in the opposite direction. They also produce the same
magnetic field

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-19

CHARGE FLOW AND MAGNETISM

 current’s direction defined as the direction in which positive

charge carriers would flow

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-19

CHARGE FLOW AND MAGNETISM: RIGHT-HAND RULE FOR CURRENT

 The right-hand rule for current is used to represent the geometry of current flow and
magnetic field lines direction:

 If you point the thumb of your right hand in the

direction of current, your fingers curl in the direction of
the magnetic field produced by that current.

Magnetic field around

the wire. Circles are From one side, field lines go into the paper and from
filed lines, arrows are Magnetic field (a) out of the page, and
the other side they go out of the paper. (b) into the page
directions of the field. Slide 27-20
CHARGE FLOW AND MAGNETISM: RIGHT-HAND RULE FOR CURRENT

 Magnetic force exerted by a bar magnet on a current-carrying wire depends on the

orientation of the magnet
 When a bar magnet is parallel to the wire, B of the magnet is parallel to the
wire, and the magnet exert no force to the wire
 When the magnet is perpendicular to the wire, the magnet exerts a force on
the wire
 The direction of the force is given by the direction of the right-hand thumb
when the fingers are placed along the direction of current

Slide 27-21
CHARGE FLOW AND MAGNETISM: RIGHT-HAND RULE FOR FORCE

 Magnetic force exerted by a bar magnet on a current-carrying wire depends on the

orientation of the magnet
 When a bar magnet is parallel to the wire, B of the magnet is parallel to the
wire, and the magnet exert no force to the wire
 When the magnet is perpendicular to the wire, the magnet exerts a force on
the wire
 The direction of the force is given by the direction of the right-hand thumb
when the fingers are placed along the direction of current

Slide 27-21
CHARGE FLOW AND MAGNETISM: RIGHT-HAND RULE FOR FORCE

 Magnetic force exerted by a bar magnet on a current-carrying wire depends on the

orientation of the magnet
 When a bar magnet is parallel to the wire, B of the magnet is parallel to the
wire, and the magnet exert no force to the wire
 When the magnet is perpendicular to the wire, the magnet exerts a force on
the wire
 The direction of the force is given by the direction of the right-hand thumb
when the fingers are placed along the direction of current

Slide 27-21
CHARGE FLOW AND MAGNETISM: RIGHT-HAND RULE FOR CURRENT AND FORCE

 The right-hand rule for current and the right-hand rule for force are
summarized in the table.

current force Slide 27-22

Section 27.3
Clicker Question 3
If you are looking at the face of a clock and see a current toward
you from the center of the clock, do the magnetic field lines
encircle the current in a clockwise or counterclockwise sense?

1. Clockwise
2. Counterclockwise
Section 27.3
Answer Clicker Question 3
If you are looking at the face of a clock and see a current toward
you from the center of the clock, do the magnetic field lines
encircle the current in a clockwise or counterclockwise sense?

The correct answer is 2. Counterclockwise

EXAMPLE 27.1 CHARGE FLOW AND MAGNETISM

Two parallel rods carry currents in opposite directions.

Determine the direction of the magnetic force exerted by each
rod on the other rod.

Magnetic field around

wire 1 due to current Magnetic force on wire 1
through wire 2 due to magnetic field of
wire 2. The force is
pointing upward

Slide 27-23
 APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETISM

•Energy Conversion- Magnets are used in loud speakers to

convert electrical energy into sound energy.

• Construction, Shipping, and Manufacturing Industry Uses -

Large industrial magnets are used for moving heavy loads. They
also help dredge large items from the ocean floor.

•Automotive Industry Uses- There are electric motors found in

nearly all automobiles for the windshield wipers, windows, and
door locking systems.

Please look for more applications of magnetism

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-24

Follow-up

 • Please work through the check points and examples for

27.3 not cover in lectures as well as the chapter 27 self-
quiz!
.

 Please study sections 27.5 and 27.6 for next lecture.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-24

Section 27.3
Clicker Question 4

When electrons flow upward through a wire, how do we

describe the direction of the corresponding current?

1. Upward
2. Downward
3. More information is needed.
Section 27.3
Clicker Question 4

When electrons flow upward through a wire, how do we

describe the direction of the corresponding current?

The correct answer is 2. Downward

Chapter 27: Self-Quiz #1
A compass sits on a table with its needle pointing to Earth’s
North Pole. A bar magnet with its long axis oriented along an
east-west line is brought toward the compass from the right.
If the needle turns clockwise, which pole of the bar magnet is
nearer the compass?
Chapter 27: Self-Quiz #1
Answer

South pole. The clockwise rotation means the needle tip (which
is a north pole by definition) moves toward the bar magnet.
Because opposite poles attract, the bar magnet’s south pole
must be the closer one. (Remember that Earth’s geographic
North Pole is a magnetic south pole and so attracts the north
pole of any compass needle.)
 27. 5 CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

 Current I is the rate at which charged particles cross a section of

a conductor in a given direction. For a constant current, we have

 If the current is not constant, we evaluate the flow of charged

particles over infinitesimally small time intervals, yielding

(current not constant)

 The SI unit of current is the ampere (A) and the connection with
charge is given by

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-25

CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

 Consider a current carrying wire placed in a uniform magnetic field

 Experimentally, it has been shown that the magnetic force exerted by the
magnetic field is proportional to the length l of the wire, the magnitude of
current I and the angle  between the direction of I and The magnetic
force is given by:

Slide 27-26
CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

 The magnitude of the force is given by:

 When the wire is parallel B ( = 0o), The force = 0:

 When the wire is perpendicular to B ( = 90o), then the force is maximum:

Slide 27-27
CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

 It then follows that:

 The SI units of magnetic field are called the Tesla (T):

1 T ≡ 1 N/(A m) = 1 kg/(s2 A).

 A magnetic field of 1 T is relatively large. Earth’s magnetic field

at Earth’s surface varies between 3 10–5 T and 6 0–5 T.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-28

Some Magnetic Fields

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-28

EXAMPLE

 A metal bar 0.20 m long is suspended from two springs, each

with spring constant k = 0.10 N/m, and the bar is in an external
magnetic field directed perpendicular to the bar length in the
Figure. With a current of 0.45 A in the bar, the bar rises a
distance of d = 1.5 mm. (a) In what direction is the current? (b)
What is the magnitude B of the external magnetic field?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-29

EXAMPLE

 A long, rigid wire lying along the y-axis carries a 5.0-A current
flowing in the positive y-direction. (a) If a constant magnetic
field of magnitude 0.30 T is directed along the positive x-axis,
what is the magnetic force per unit length on the wire? (b) If
a constant magnetic field of 0.30 T is directed 30 degrees
from the +x-axis towards the +y-axis, what is the magnetic
force per unit length on the wire?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-29

 MAGNETIC FLUX: UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD AND FLAT
SURFACE

 Consider a flat surface of area A in a uniform magnetic field.

 A measure of the quantity of the number of

magnetic field lines passing through the surface
is called magnetic flux (cf Gauss’s law in
electrostatics)

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-30

 MAGNETIC FLUX: UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD AND FLAT
SURFACE

 If a line normal to the surface makes and angle

θ with the field, then magnetic flux (ΦB) is
defined by:

ФB = B · A = B A cos (uniform magnetic field)

 Where A is an area vector and its direction is

chosen to be outward, and has the magnitude
equal to the area of the surface.

 Magnetic flux is a scalar, and has SI units of

T/m2 and this unit is given the name Weber
(Wb):

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-31

 EXAMPLE 27.3

A square loop 0.20 m on each side is placed in a uniform

magnetic field of magnitude 0.50 T. The plane of the loop makes a
30° angle with the magnetic field. What is the magnetic flux
through the loop?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-32

 EXAMPLE 27.3

A square loop 0.20 m on each side is placed in a uniform

magnetic field of magnitude 0.50 T. The plane of the loop makes a
30° angle with the magnetic field. What is the magnetic flux
through the loop?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-32

MAGNETIC FLUX: NON-UNIFORM MAGNTIC FIELD/NON-FLAT SURFACE

 If the field is non-uniform or the surface is not flat, then divide

the surface into small surface elements dA (area vector of an
infinitesimally small segments) as shown in the figure.

 Sum the magnetic flux through the

elements and take the limit as the
area of each element approaches
zero.

Slide 27-33
MAGNETIC FLUX: NON-UNIFORM MAGNTIC FIELD/NON-FLAT SURFACE

 Then, the magnetic flux through the surface

can be expressed as:

 Recall that magnetic field lines always form

loops, i.e. the field lines that leave the
surface must re-enter it somewhere.
Therefore the magnetic flux through any
closed surface must be zero:
0

 This expression is called Gauss’s law of

magnetism.
Slide 27-34
Section 27.6
Clicker Question 6

A sphere of radius R is placed near a long, straight wire that

carries a steady current I. The magnetic field generated by the
current is B. The total magnetic flux passing through the sphere is

1. oI.

2. o I / (4 R 2
).

3. 4 R 2
o I .
4. zero.
5. More information is needed.
Section 27.6
Clicker Question 6

A sphere of radius R is placed near a long, straight wire that

carries a steady current I. The magnetic field generated by the
current is B. The total magnetic flux passing through the sphere is

The correct answer is 4. zero.

 MOVING PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGENTIC FIELDS

 Consider a positively charged particle (proton) traveling in a

uniform magnetic field (a) in a straight line with its velocity
parallel to the field, and (b) in a circle with its velocity
perpendicular to the field

 Adapting the equation for the current carrying wire, we get:

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-36

MOVING PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGENTIC FIELDS

 When charge is traveling parallel to the field, then the magnetic

force is on it is zero
 When the velocity (v) of the charge is perpendicular to the
field, then the magnetic force is perpendicular to both v and B.
 Since the particle is in uniform circular, the magnetic force
on it can be expressed as:

 Velocity is dependent only on the radius, i.e. fast charge carrier

move in larger circles than slow ones of the same type.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-37
 MOVING PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGENTIC FIELDS

 The angular speed of the particle is given by:

 The period of the period (the time interval the particle requires
to complete one revolution) is given by:

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-38

Section 27.7
Clicker Question 7

A charged particle accelerated to a velocity v enters the

chamber of a mass spectrometer. The particle’s velocity is
perpendicular to the direction of the uniform magnetic field B
in the chamber. After the particle enters the magnetic field, its
path is a

1. parabola.
2. circle.
3. spiral.
4. straight line.
Section 27.7
Clicker Question 7

A charged particle accelerated to a velocity v enters the

chamber of a mass spectrometer. The particle’s velocity is
perpendicular to the direction of the uniform magnetic field B
in the chamber. After the particle enters the magnetic field, its
path is a

The correct answer is 2. circle.

APPLICATIONS INVOLVING MOVING PARTICLES IN
ELECTRIC AND MAGENTIC FIELDS

 Masses of isotopes (mass spectrometer) – A combination

of an electric field and magnetic field ensures that all
particles move with the same speed in the velocity selector

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-39

 MOVING PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGENTIC FIELDS

 In the figure below, an ion of charge q and mass m is produced in source

S. The initially stationery ion is accelerated from S by the electric field due
to a potential difference V. The ion enters a separator chamber in which
a uniform magnetic field B is perpendicular to the path of the ion. B
causes the ion to move in a semi-circle and thus strike the detector.
Suppose B = 80 mT, V= 1000 V, q = 1.6 x 10-19C at a point that lies at x =
1.6254 m. Determine the mass m of the individual ions in atomic mass
units (u) ( 1 u = 1.665 x 10-27kg)

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-41

 APPLICATIONS INVOLVING MOVING PARTICLES IN
ELECTRIC AND MAGENTIC FIELDS

Cyclotrons:
 Research – production of nuclear reactions
 Medical – production of radioactive materials for diagnosis
and treatment

The Cyclotron Particle Accelerator

The cyclotron accelerator consists of two hollow
conductors in the shape of the letter dee (these are
known as the "dees" of the cyclotron). Between the
two dees an oscillator of frequency f osc creates an
oscillating electric field E that exists only in the gap
between the two dees. At the same time, a constant
magnetic field B is applied perpendicular to the
plane of the dees.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-40

Example

 Accelerating Alpha-Particles in a Cyclotron

A cyclotron used to accelerate alpha-particles ( m = 6.64 ×

10−27 kg, q = 3.2 × 10−19 C ) has a radius of 0.50 m and a
magnetic field of 1.8 T. (a) What is the period of revolution of
the alpha-particles? (b) What is their maximum kinetic
energy?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-40

MOVING PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGENTIC FIELDS

 JJ Thomas’s apparatus used in 1897 to determine the charge-

to-mass ratio of the electron. Electrons are accelerated from the
cathode, pass through two slits, then deflected by both electric
and magnetic fields before striking the fluorescent coating.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-42

Section 27.7: Moving particles in electric and
magnetic fields
Example 27.5 The mass of the electron
Figure 27.42 shows schematically part of the apparatus used in
1897 by J. J. Thomson to determine the charge-to-mass ratio of
the electron. A beam of electrons, all moving at the same speed υ,
enters a region of electric and/or magnetic fields.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-43

Section 27.7: Moving particles in electric and
magnetic fields
Example 27.5 The mass of the electron (cont.)
When an electric field of magnitude 1.0 kV/m and a magnetic field of
magnitude 1.2 ×10–4 T are turned on, the electrons go through the
device undeflected. When the magnetic field is turned off, the electrons
are deflected by 3.2 mm in the negative y direction after traveling the
length ℓ = 0.050 m of the apparatus. Given that the charge of the
electron is –e = –1.60 ×10–19 C, what is the mass of each electron?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-44

 MOVING PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGENTIC
FIELDS:HALL EFFECT (FOR NOTING)

 Observed by Edwin Hall (1855-1938) – A phenomenon used

to determine the sign of the charge carrier by measuring the
voltage (Hall voltage) when a magnetic field is applied to a
current-carrying conductor.

Checkpoint 27.19

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-45

Example of Effects of Earth Magnetic Field

(a) The Van Allen radiation belts around Earth trap ions produced by cosmic rays
striking Earth’s atmosphere. (b)The magnificent spectacle of the aurora borealis, or
northern lights, glows in the northern sky above Bear Lake near Eielson AirForce
Base, Alaska. Shaped by Earth’s magnetic field, this light is produced by glowing
molecules and ions of oxygen and nitrogen.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-45
Earth Magnetic Field

Earth Magnetic Filed distribution

according to the World Magnetic
Map project (MMW) in 2020.
Blue/dark area shows the South
Atlantic Anomaly, A changing
area with very low magnetic field

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 27-45