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Lecture # 3

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18 views13 pages

Lecture # 3

Uploaded by

REFAT ULLAH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Discrete Mathematics

MATH-161

Lecture # 3

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Previous Lectures Summary

• Introduction to the Course


• Propositions
• Logical Connectives
• Truth Tables
• Compound propositions

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Today’s Lecture

• Translating English to logic and logic


to English.
• Logical Connectives
• Logical Equivalences.

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Translating English to Logic

I did not buy a lottery ticket this week or I bought a


lottery ticket and won the million dollar on Friday.
Let p and q be two propositions
p: I bought a lottery ticket this week.
q: I won the million dollar on Friday.

In logic form
p(pq)
Time to work out more problems
1. Let p and q be the propositions

p :I bought a lottery ticket this week.


q :I won the million dollar jackpot.

Express each of these propositions as an English


sentence.
a) ¬p b) p∨q c) p∧q d) ¬p∧¬q e) ¬p∨(p∧ q)
2. Let p, q, and r be the propositions
p :You get an A on the final exam.
q :You do every exercise in this book.
r :You get an A in this class.
Write these propositions using p, q, and r and logical connectives
(including negations).
a)You get an A in this class, but you do not do every exercise in
this book.
b)You get an A on the final, you do every exercise in this book,
and you get an A in this class.
Let’s try this one…

3. Let p and q be the propositions

p :You drive over 65 miles per hour.


q :You get a speeding ticket.

Write these propositions using p and q and logical connectives


(including negations).

a)You do not drive over 65 miles per hour.


b)You drive over 65 miles per hour, but you do not get a speeding
ticket.
Conditional Statements
Implication
Definition: Let p and q be propositions. The conditional
statement p  q, is the proposition “If p, then q”.
The conditional statement p  q is false when p
is true and q is false and is true otherwise.
where p is called hypothesis, antecedent or premise.
q is called conclusion or consequence
• “q whenever p” and “p only if q” are the
equivalent statements to p  q.
• The value of p  q=1, if p< or = q

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Conditional Statements
Let
p: “Maria learns discrete mathematics”
q: “Maria will find a good job.”
“If Maria learns discrete mathematics,
then she will find a good job.”

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Implication (if - then)

• Binary Operator, Symbol: 

p q pq p q pq
T T T 1 1 1
T F F 1 0 0
F T T 0 1 1
F F T 0 0 1

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Conditional Statements
Converse, Contrapositive, Inverse
The proposition q  p is called the converse statement of p  q.
The proposition  q   p is called the contrapositive statement of p q.
The proposition  p   q is called the inverse statement of p q.

p q pq qp q  p qp pq

T T T T F F T T

T F F T T F F T

F T T F F T T F

F F T T T T T T

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Conditional Statements
Example:
What are the contrapositive, the converse, and the inverse of the
conditional statement
“The home team wins whenever it is raining”

Solution:

Because “q whenever p” is one of the ways to express the conditional


statement p → q, the original statement can be rewritten as
“If it is raining, then the home team wins.”
The contrapositive is
“If the home team does not win, then it is not raining.”
The converse is
“If the home team wins, then it is raining.”
The inverse is
“If it is not raining, then the home team does not win.”

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Conditional Statements
Q. State the converse, contrapositive, and inverse of each of these
conditional statements.

a)If it snows today, I will ski tomorrow.


b)I come to class whenever there is going to be a quiz.
c)A positive integer is a prime only if it has no divisors other than 1 and
itself. (if p then q)

Q. State the converse, contrapositive, and inverse of each of these


conditional statements.

a)If it snows tonight, then I will stay at home.


b)I go to the beach whenever it is a sunny summer day.
c)When I stay up late, it is necessary that I sleep until noon.

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Conditional Statements

Conditional Converse
pq qp

Inverse Contrapositive
qp pq

Assignment #1 : Make the truth tables to prove the


following results.
(a). Implication is logically equivalent to contrapositive
(b). Converse is logically equivalent to inverse

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