UNIT 2

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Concept of AI
• Meaning of AI
• History of AI
• Levels of AI
• Types of AI

• Applications of AI in
Manufacturing,
Agriculture, Health,
Business (emerging
market), Education,

• AI tools and platforms (eg:

scratch/object tracking).
 INTRODUCTION TO AI
Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", or “the ability to learn and
solve problems” hence Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power.“

So, we can define Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the branch of computer science by which we can create
intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.

Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge. Knowledge is the information
acquired through experience. Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure (training).

Summing the terms up, we get artificial intelligence as the “copy of something natural (i.e., human
beings) ‘WHO’ can acquire and apply the information it has gained through exposure.”
AI programming
AI programming focuses on three cognitive skills: learning, reasoning and self-
correction.
1. Learning processes. This aspect of AI programming focuses on acquiring data
and creating rules for how to turn the data into actionable information. The
rules, which are called algorithms, provide computing devices with step-by-step
instructions for how to complete a specific task.
2. Reasoning processes. This aspect of AI programming focuses on choosing the
right algorithm to reach a desired outcome.
3. Self-correction processes. This aspect of AI programming is designed to
continually fine-tune algorithms and ensure they provide the most accurate
results possible
 Examples of AI-Artificial Intelligence

1.Google Maps and Ride-Hailing Applications 11. Online Ads-Network

2.Face Detection and recognition 12. Banking and Finance
3.Text Editors and Autocorrect 13. Smart Home devices
4.Chatbots 14. Security and Surveillance
5.E-Payments 15. Smart Keyboard App
6.Search and Recommendation algorithms 16. Smart Speaker
7.Digital Assistant 17. E-Commerce
8.Social media 18. Smart Email Apps
9.Healthcare
19. Music and Media Streaming
10.Gaming
Service
20. Space Exploration
Google Maps and Ride-Hailing Applications
Travelling to a new destination does not require much thought any longer. Rather than relying on
confusing address directions, we can now easily open our phone's map app and type in our
destination.

So how does the app know about the appropriate directions, best way, and even the presence of
roadblocks and traffic jams? A few years ago, only GPS (satellite-based navigation) was used as a
navigation guide. However, artificial intelligence (AI) now provides users with a much better
experience in their unique surroundings.

The app algorithm uses machine learning to recall the building's edges that are supplied into the
system after the person has manually acknowledged them. This enables the map to provide simple
visuals of buildings. Another feature is identifying and understanding handwritten house numbers,
which assists travelers in finding the exact house they need. Their outline or handwritten label can
also recognize locations that lack formal street signs.

The application has been trained to recognize and understand traffic. As a result, it suggests the best
way to avoid traffic congestion and bottlenecks. The AI-based algorithm also informs users about the
precise distance and time it will take them to arrive at their destination. It has been trained to
calculate this based on the traffic situations. Several ride-hailing applications have emerged as a
result of the use of similar AI technology. So, whenever you need to book a cab via an app by putting
your location on a map, this is how it works.
Face Detection and Recognition
Utilizing face ID for unlocking our phones and using virtual filters on our faces while taking
pictures are two uses of AI that are presently essential for our day-by-day lives.
Face recognition is used in the former, which means that every human face can be recognized.

How does it work?

Intelligent machines often match-and some cases, even exceed human performance and Human
potential. Human babies begin to identifying facial features such as eyes, lips, nose, and face
shapes. A face, though, is more than just that. A number of characteristics distinguish human
faces.

Smart machines are trained in order to recognize facial coordinates (x, y, w, and h; which form a
square around the face as an area of interest), landmarks (nose, eyes, etc.), and alignment
(geometric structures). This improves the human ability to identify faces by several factors. Face
recognition is also used by government facilities or at the airport for monitoring, and security.
Text Editors or Autocorrect

When typing a document, there are inbuilt or downloadable auto-correcting tools for editors of
spelling errors, readability, mistakes, and plagiarism based on their difficulty level.

It should have taken a long time for us to master our language and become fluent in it. Artificially
intelligent algorithms often use deep learning, machine learning, and natural language to detect
inappropriate language use and recommend improvements.

How does this work?

Linguists and computer scientists collaborate in teaching machines grammar in the same way that
we learned it in school. Machines are fed large volumes of high-quality data that has been
structured in a way that machines can understand. Thus, when we misspell a single comma, the
editor will highlight it in red and offer suggestions.
Online-Payments

It can be a time-consuming task to rush to the bank for any transaction. Artificial
Intelligence is now being used by banks to support customers by simplifying the process of
payment.

Artificial intelligence has enabled you to deposit checks from the convenience of our own
home. Since AI can interpret handwriting and making online cheque processing practicable.

Artificial Intelligence can potentially be utilized to detect fraud by observing consumers'

credit card spending patterns. For example, the algorithms are aware of what items User X
purchases, when and where they are purchased, and in what price range they are
purchased. If there is some suspicious behavior that does not match the user's profile, then
the system immediately signals user X.
Online Ads Network

The online advertising industry is the most significant user of artificial intelligence that uses
AI (Artificial Intelligence) to not only monitor user statistics but also to advertise us on the
basis of the statistics. The online advertising industry will struggle if AI is not implemented, as
users will be shown random advertisements that have no relation to their interests.

Since AI has been so good at determining our preferences and serving us ads, the worldwide
digital ad industry has crossed 250 billion US dollars, with the business projected to cross the
300 billion mark. So, the next time remembers that AI is changing your life while you browse
the internet and encounter adverts or product recommendations.
Smart Home Devices

Another popular example of AI (Artificial Intelligence) is smart

home devices. Artificial intelligence is even being welcomed into
our homes. Most of the smart home gadgets we purchase use
artificial intelligence to learn our habits and automatically
change settings to make our experience as seamless as possible.

We have effectively examined how we utilize understanding

voice assistants to control these smart home gadgets. We
probably are aware that it is a great example of AI's impact on
our lives. There are smart thermostats(Regulators) that change
the temperature-dependent on our preferences, smart lights
which change the colour and intensity of lights dependent on
time, and much more.
GOALS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence
such as
• Proving a theorem
• Playing chess
• Plan some surgical operation
• Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things
by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
1.Replicate Human Intelligence: This goal involves developing systems that can perform tasks typically requiring
human intellect, such as learning, reasoning, and language understanding. It is achieved through approaches like
machine learning, neural networks, and natural language processing, and applied in areas such as robotics,
customer service, and healthcare.

Example: A virtual personal assistant like Siri or Alexa can understand and respond to natural language queries.
It can set reminders, provide weather updates, and answer general knowledge questions, mimicking human-like
interactions.

2.Solve Knowledge-Intensive Tasks: This goal involves creating AI systems that can process large volumes of
information, extract relevant knowledge, and apply it to specific tasks. It employs methods such as expert
systems, knowledge graphs, and semantic analysis, and finds applications in research and development, legal
analysis, and education.

Example: IBM's Watson, which can analyze vast amounts of medical literature to provide doctors with potential
diagnoses and treatment options based on the latest research, thereby assisting in complex medical decision-
making
3.An Intelligent Connection of Perception and Action: This goal involves developing systems that can perceive their
environment, understand it, and take appropriate actions based on that understanding. This is done using
computer vision, sensor integration, and action planning and execution, with applications in autonomous vehicles,
industrial automation, and home automation.

Example: A self-driving car uses computer vision to perceive its surroundings, such as detecting other vehicles,
pedestrians, and traffic signs. It then processes this information to make real-time driving decisions, such as when
to stop, turn, or accelerate, ensuring safe and efficient navigation.

4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence : This goal involves creating a
machine capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as problem-solving, learning,
and adapting. Such machines should exhibit intelligent behavior, learn autonomously, demonstrate their reasoning
processes, explain their actions, and provide advice to users.

Example: A robotic arm in a manufacturing plant that can assemble products. It uses sensors to detect the parts,
machine learning to improve assembly efficiency, and can operate continuously, performing a task that would
typically require human workers
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user : This goal involves developing a system that can
not only perform tasks requiring intelligence but also exhibit autonomous learning and adaptability.
The system should demonstrate its processes, explain its reasoning, and provide advice to users.
Achieving this involves leveraging machine learning, neural networks, and expert systems to create
intelligent behavior.

Example: An educational AI tutor that can personalize lessons based on a student's progress,
explain complex concepts in different ways until the student understands, and provide feedback
and advice on how to improve. It continuously learns from the student's performance to better
tailor its teaching methods.
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are prone to fewer
errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or
information.
• High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making,
because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
• High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.
• Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing
a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
• Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to users such
as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the
products as per customer requirements.
• Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-
driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition
for security purposes, Natural language processing (for search engines, for
spelling checker, for assistant like Siri, for translation like google translate), etc.
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it
requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
• Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but
still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for
which they are trained, or programmed.
• No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but
still it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional
attachment with humans, and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper
care is not taken.
• Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of technology, people
are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental
capabilities.
• No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new
ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and
cannot be creative and imaginative.