Monday, 12th June, 2023

Multiplying and dividing terms

 Simplify:

5 𝑎 +2 𝑎 +3
¿
7 𝑎 +3
 Simplify:

6 𝑎 −5 −2 𝑎
¿
4 𝑎− 5
 Simplify:

6 𝑎− 4 − 4 𝑎+8
¿
2 𝑎 +4
 Simplify:

5 𝑎 − 6 𝑎 +8
¿
8−𝑎
 Simplify:

2 𝑎 +7 −3 𝑎
¿
7−𝑎
 Simplify:

3 𝑎 −2+ 𝑎+6
¿
4 𝑎+4
Key Words

Variable
A variable, in algebra, is a symbol (usually a letter) that stands for an unknown numerical value.
We call it a variable as it’s value can vary. The letter , for example, could represent any number.

Coefficient
If there is a number to the left of a variable, then that number is known as a ‘coefficient’

If there isn’t a number in front of a variable there is one of them. We just don’t write the 1 in algebra.

Algebraic Terms
An algebraic term refers to a coefficient and/or one or more variables. Here are some examples:
Key Words

Algebraic Expressions
An algebraic expression refers to more than one term combined by addition, subtraction,
multiplication or division.

Constant
If a number is added or subtracted from an algebraic term we call it a constant.
 We have
two, the Simplify
answer is
How many ’s do we
have altogether?
What are “like terms”

Like terms are terms that have the same variable and power.

Reminder:

And so,
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

3 × 𝑎×𝑏

3 𝑎𝑏
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

4 × h× 2

4 ×2 × h
8×h
8h
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

3 × 2× 𝑔 ×2

3 × 2× 2× 𝑔
12 ×𝑔
12 𝑔
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

𝑎× 5 ×𝑏 × 2

5 ×2 × 𝑎×𝑏
10 × 𝑎×𝑏
10 𝑎𝑏
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

𝑎× 5 ×𝑏 × 2 7 ×𝑖 × 3

5 ×2 × 𝑎×𝑏 7 × 3 ×𝑖
10 × 𝑎×𝑏 21 ×𝑖
10 𝑎𝑏 21 𝑖
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

𝑎× 5 ×𝑏 × 2 𝑎× 2 ×𝑏 × 8

5 ×2 × 𝑎×𝑏 2 ×8 × 𝑎× 𝑏
10 × 𝑎×𝑏 16 × 𝑎𝑏
10 𝑎𝑏 16 𝑎𝑏
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

𝑎× 5 ×𝑏 × 2 6 × 𝑚× 3 × 𝑠

5 ×2 × 𝑎×𝑏 6 × 3 ×𝑚 × 𝑠
10 × 𝑎×𝑏 18 ×𝑚𝑠
10 𝑎𝑏 18 𝑚𝑠
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

4 ×2 𝑒

4 ×2 ×𝑒
8×𝑒
8𝑒
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

3𝑏×6𝑐

3 × 𝑏× 6 ×𝑐
3 × 6 ×𝑏 ×𝑐
18 𝑏𝑐
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

3𝑏×6𝑐 5 𝑎× 3 𝑒

3 × 𝑏× 6 ×𝑐 5 × 𝑎×3 × 𝑒
3 × 6 ×𝑏 ×𝑐 5 ×3 × 𝑎× 𝑒
18 𝑏𝑐 15 𝑎𝑒
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

3𝑏×6𝑐 4 𝑧 ×3 𝑓

3 × 𝑏× 6 ×𝑐 4×𝑧×3× 𝑓
3 × 6 ×𝑏 ×𝑐 4 ×3 × 𝑧 × 𝑓
18 𝑏𝑐 12 𝑧𝑓
12 𝑓𝑧
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

3𝑏×6𝑐 5 𝑎× 3 𝑤 ×2

3 × 𝑏× 6 ×𝑐 5 × 𝑎×3 ×𝑤 × 2
3 × 6 ×𝑏 ×𝑐 5 ×3 × 2× 𝑎× 𝑤
18 𝑏𝑐 30 𝑎𝑤
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

3𝑏×6𝑐 𝑔 × 2𝑞 × 5 𝑛

3 × 𝑏× 6 ×𝑐 𝑔 × 2× 𝑞 ×5 ×𝑛
3 × 6 ×𝑏 ×𝑐 2 ×5 × 𝑔 ×𝑞 ×𝑛
18 𝑏𝑐 10 𝑔𝑛𝑞
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

3𝑏×6𝑐 2 𝑎× 5 𝑏 ×4 𝑐

3 × 𝑏× 6 ×𝑐
3 × 6 ×𝑏 ×𝑐
18 𝑏𝑐 40 𝑎𝑏𝑐
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify these calculations:

a) 5 𝑎𝑐
3𝑏×6𝑐 b) 14 𝑏
c) 12 𝑎𝑏
3 × 𝑏× 6 ×𝑐 d) 8𝑥
3 × 6 ×𝑏 ×𝑐 e) 12 𝑎𝑒
f) 6 𝑔𝑤
18 𝑏𝑐 g) 40 𝑟𝑠
h) 30 𝑦 2
Facts- Prime Numbers
A prime number only has two factors: 1 and itself. Let’s look at a few examples:

2 is the only even prime number

No other even numbers can be prime numbers because they will always have a factor of 2

Why is 1 not a prime number?

1 is not considered a prime number because a prime number must have two distinct factors

What are prime factors?

If a factor of a number is also a prime number, then that factor is known as a prime factor .
 Division by removing factors:

36 ÷ 3

2 ×2 ×3 × 3 If we remove 3 from
the prime factorisation,
we have divided by 3!

2 ×2 ×3=12
 Division by removing factors:

120 ÷ 5

2 ×2 ×2 ×3 × 5 If we remove 5 from
the prime factorisation,
we have divided by 5!

2 ×2 ×2 ×3=24
 Division by removing factors:

18 𝑒 ÷ 3

2 ×3 × 3 ×𝑒 If we remove 3 from
the prime factorisation,
we have divided by 3!

2 ×3 × 𝑒=6 𝑒
 Division by removing factors:

24 𝑔2 ÷ 2𝑔

If we remove 2 & from

the prime factorisation,
we have divided by !

2 ×2 ×3 × 𝑔=12 𝑔
Division by removing factors:

16 𝑎 2 𝑏÷ 8 𝑎 If we remove 2, 2, 2 & from

the prime factorisation,
we have divided by !

2 ×𝑎 ×𝑏=2 𝑎𝑏
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

6𝑏÷2

(2 ×3 × 𝑏)÷ 2
(3 × 𝑏)
6𝑏
2 3𝑏
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

24 𝑛 ÷ 3

(2 ×2 ×2 × 3 ×𝑛)÷ 3

(2 ×2 ×2 ×𝑛)

24 𝑛
3
8𝑛
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

12 𝑏 ÷7
7 is not a factor of

So we can express the result,

but it is not simplified.

12𝑏 12 5
𝑏 1 𝑏
7 7 7
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

18 𝑔 ÷ 9

(2 ×3 × 3 ×𝑔) ÷ 9

(2 × 𝑔)

18 𝑔
9
2𝑔
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

18 𝑔 ÷ 9 10 𝑎÷ 2

(2 ×3 × 3 ×𝑔) ÷ 9 (2 ×5 × 𝑎) ÷ 2

(2 × 𝑔) (5 × 𝑎)

18 𝑔 10 𝑎
9
2𝑔 2
5𝑎
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

18 𝑔 ÷ 9 30 𝑘 ÷ 3

(2 ×3 × 3 ×𝑔) ÷ 9 (2 ×3 × 5 ×𝑘) ÷ 3

(2 × 𝑔) (2 ×5 × 𝑘)

18 𝑔 30 𝑘
9
2𝑔 3
10 𝑘
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

18 𝑔 ÷ 9 28 𝑚 ÷ 4

(2 ×3 × 3 ×𝑔) ÷ 9 (2 ×2 ×7 × 𝑚)÷ 4

(2 × 𝑔) (7 × 𝑚)

18 𝑔 28 𝑘
9
2𝑔 4
7𝑚
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

18 𝑔 ÷ 9 45 𝑤÷ 9

(2 ×3 × 3 ×𝑔) ÷ 9 (3 × 3 ×5 ×𝑤) ÷ 9

(2 × 𝑔) (5 ×𝑤)

18 𝑔 45 𝑤
9
2𝑔 9
5𝑤
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify these calculations:

1) 5𝑎
18 𝑔 ÷ 9 2) 5𝑎
3) 2𝑏
(2 ×3 × 3 ×𝑔) ÷ 9
4) 7𝑐
(2 × 𝑔) 5) 𝑦
18 𝑔 6) 2𝑦
9
2𝑔 7) 3𝑏
8) 4 𝑎𝑏
 How can we expand these expressions to show them as a multiplication?

𝑎2 𝑏3 3𝑐 2
𝑎× 𝑎

4 𝑑3 2 𝑒𝑓 2

6 𝑔2h3
6 × 𝑔 × 𝑔 ×h × h× h
2 ×3 × 𝑔 ×𝑔 × h × h× h
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

𝑏 ×𝑏

𝑏2
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

𝑒3
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

𝑚 ×2 𝑚

𝑚 ×2 ×𝑚
2 ×𝑚 ×𝑚
2 𝑚2
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

4 𝑒× 3 𝑒

4 ×𝑒 ×3 ×𝑒

12 𝑒2
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

𝑎× 𝑎2

𝑎× 𝑎× 𝑎

𝑎3
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

𝑏3 × 𝑏2

𝑏 ×𝑏 × 𝑏 ×𝑏 ×𝑏

𝑏5
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

4 𝑓 2× 𝑓

4× 𝑓 × 𝑓 × 𝑓

4𝑓3
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

4 𝑓 2× 𝑓 𝑎× 2 𝑎

4× 𝑓 × 𝑓 × 𝑓 𝑎× 2 ×𝑎
2 ×𝑎 ×𝑎
4𝑓3 2 𝑎2
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

4 𝑓 2× 𝑓 3 𝑒× 5 𝑒

4× 𝑓 × 𝑓 × 𝑓 3 × 𝑒 ×5 × 𝑒
3 ×5 × 𝑒 × 𝑒
4𝑓3 15 𝑒2
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

4 𝑓 2× 𝑓 2 𝑝 × 3 ×6 𝑝

4× 𝑓 × 𝑓 × 𝑓 2 ×𝑝 ×3 ×6 ×𝑝
2 ×3 × 6 ×𝑝 ×𝑝
4𝑓3 36 𝑝 2
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

4 𝑓 2× 𝑓 4 𝑏 ×𝑎 ×3 𝑏

4× 𝑓 × 𝑓 × 𝑓 4 ×𝑏 × 𝑎×3 × 𝑏
4 ×3 × 𝑎× 𝑏× 𝑏
4𝑓3 12 𝑎𝑏2
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

4 𝑓 2× 𝑓 3 𝑞×𝑞 2

4× 𝑓 × 𝑓 × 𝑓 3 ×𝑞 × 𝑞 ×𝑞

4𝑓3 3 𝑞3
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

4 𝑓 2× 𝑓 2 𝑎3 × 7 𝑎2

4× 𝑓 × 𝑓 × 𝑓 2 ×𝑎 ×𝑎× 𝑎× 7 ×𝑎× 𝑎
2 ×7 × 𝑎× 𝑎×𝑎 ×𝑎× 𝑎

4𝑓3 14 𝑎5
DEMO Multiplying Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify these calculations:

a) 3𝑒2
4 𝑓 2× 𝑓 b) 8 h2
c) 3𝑔 2
4× 𝑓 × 𝑓 × 𝑓 d) 4 𝑥3
e) 6 𝑦3
f) 18 𝑤 3
4𝑓3 g) 8𝑘5
h) 20𝑎 3𝑏4
 When terms are multiplied…
explain why the coefficients are multiplied, but the indices are added.

2 𝑎2 × 4 𝑎3 ≡8 𝑎5
×
 Express the answer of each calculation using the base number with an index.

3 2 ×3=¿ (3 × 3)× 3 ¿ 27 ¿ 3 3

2 3 ×2 2=¿ (2 ×2 ×2) ×(2 ×2) ¿ 32 ¿ 2 5

5 2 ÷ 5=¿ (5 ×5) ÷ 5 ¿ 5 ¿51

3 4 ÷ 3 2=¿ (3 × 3 ×3 × 3)÷( 3 ×3)¿ 9 ¿ 3 2

What is the rule for multiplying terms with indices?

What is the rule for dividing terms with indices?
 Is there an What is the algebraic result of these calculations?
invisible index here?
How can we expand the calculations to help?

𝑎 2× 𝑎=¿ (𝑎 ×𝑎) × 𝑎=¿𝑎 3

𝑏3 × 𝑏2=¿ (𝑏 × 𝑏× 𝑏)×(𝑏 × 𝑏)=¿𝑏 5

𝑐 2÷ 𝑐=¿ (𝑐 × 𝑐) ÷ 𝑐=¿ 𝑐
𝑑4 ÷ 𝑑 2=¿ ( 𝑑 × 𝑑 × 𝑑 × 𝑑) ÷( 𝑑 × 𝑑)=¿ 𝑑 3
What is the rule for multiplying terms with indices?
What is the rule for dividing terms with indices?
The rule for multiplying terms with indices:

𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
𝑥 𝑎 × 𝑥 =𝑥 The rule for dividing terms with indices:

𝑏 𝑎 −𝑏
𝑥 𝑎 ÷ 𝑥 =𝑥
7 3
2 3 ×2 4=2 2 5 ÷ 2 2=2
8 3
3 × 3 7= 3 6 4 ÷ 6=6
5 3 × 5 × 5 5=5
9 75
=7 3
72
4 3 ÷ 6 2=¿ not the same
base number
How can we expand this term & express it using prime factorisation?

15 𝑎 2

3 ×5 × 𝑎× 𝑎
How is this useful to calculate:

15 𝑎 2 ÷ 3 𝑎
¿5𝑎
How can we expand this term & express it using prime factorisation?

18 𝑎𝑏 2

How is this useful to calculate:

18 𝑎𝑏 2÷ 3 𝑎𝑏
¿6 𝑏
 Dividing using Fractions & Factorisation

45 ÷ 9 6 𝑎𝑏÷ 2 𝑏
45 6 𝑎𝑏
¿ ¿
9 2𝑏
3 ×3 × 5 2 ×3 × 𝑎 ×𝑏
¿ ¿
3 ×3 2 ×𝑏

¿5 ¿3 𝑎
 Dividing using Fractions & Factorisation

8 𝑎2 𝑏÷ 2𝑏 32𝑎2𝑏3÷ 4𝑎𝑏 2
8 𝑎 2𝑏 32 𝑎2 𝑏 3
¿ ¿
2𝑏 4 𝑎𝑏 2

2 ×2 ×2 ×𝑎 ×𝑎 × 𝑏 4 ×8 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 ×𝑏 × 𝑏 2
¿ ¿
2× 𝑏 4 × 𝑎 ×𝑏 2

¿ 4𝑎2 ¿ 8 𝑎𝑏
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

18 𝑔 2
3𝑔
coefficients

6 𝑔2 6𝑔
𝑔 variable 1

¿6 𝑔
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

15 𝑥𝑦 2
5𝑥
coefficients

3 𝑥𝑦 2 3𝑦2
𝑥 variable 1

¿3 𝑦 2
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

25 𝑒𝑓 2
10 𝑓
coefficients

5 𝑒𝑓 2 5 𝑒𝑓
2𝑓 variable 2
5 𝑒𝑓 Is a decimal coefficient simplified?
¿
2
¿ 2.5 𝑒𝑓 Is it easy to use for following calculations?
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

45 𝑎𝑏 2
5𝑏
coefficients

9 𝑎𝑏 2 9 𝑎𝑏
𝑏 variable 1

¿ 9 𝑎𝑏
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions

Simplify:

32𝑥 3 𝑦 2
8𝑥 2 𝑦
coefficients

4𝑥3𝑦2 4 𝑥𝑦 2 4 𝑥𝑦
𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 1

¿ 4 𝑥𝑦
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

32𝑥 3 𝑦 2 6𝑦2
8𝑥 2 𝑦 2𝑦
coefficients coefficients

4𝑥3𝑦2 4 𝑥𝑦 2 4 𝑥𝑦 3𝑦2 3𝑦
𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 1 𝑦 variable 1

¿ 4 𝑥𝑦 ¿3 𝑦
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

32𝑥 3 𝑦 2 12 𝑎3 𝑏
8𝑥 2 𝑦 4 𝑎𝑏
coefficients coefficients

4𝑥3𝑦2 4 𝑥𝑦 2 4 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑎3 𝑏 3 𝑎2 𝑏 3 𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 1

¿ 4 𝑥𝑦 ¿ 3 𝑎2
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

32𝑥 3 𝑦 2 13 𝑎3 𝑏
8𝑥 2 𝑦 6 𝑎𝑏
coefficients coefficients

4𝑥3𝑦2 4 𝑥𝑦 2 4 𝑥𝑦 13 𝑎3 𝑏 13 𝑎2 𝑏 13 𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 1 6 𝑎𝑏 𝑎 6𝑏 𝑏 6

13 𝑎 2 1
¿ 4 𝑥𝑦 ¿ ¿ 2 𝑎2
6 6
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

32𝑥 3 𝑦 2 12 𝑥𝑦 3
8𝑥 2 𝑦 8 𝑥𝑦
coefficients coefficients

4𝑥3𝑦2 4 𝑥𝑦 2 4 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑥𝑦 3 3𝑦3 3𝑦2

𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 1 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 2𝑦 𝑦 2

3𝑦2
¿ 4 𝑥𝑦 ¿
2 ¿ 1.5 𝑦 2
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

32𝑥 3 𝑦 2 40 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑐
8𝑥 2 𝑦 5 𝑎𝑐
coefficients coefficients

4𝑥3𝑦2 4 𝑥𝑦 2 4 𝑥𝑦 8 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑐 8 𝑏2 𝑐 8𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 1 𝑎𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑐 1

¿ 4 𝑥𝑦 ¿8 𝑏2
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify:

32𝑥 3 𝑦 2 60 𝑎2 𝑏3 𝑐
8𝑥 2 𝑦 15 𝑎𝑏2
coefficients coefficients

4𝑥3𝑦2 4 𝑥𝑦 2 4 𝑥𝑦 4 𝑎2 𝑏3 𝑐 4 𝑎𝑏3 𝑐 4 𝑎𝑏𝑐

𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 1 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑎 𝑏2 𝑏 1

¿ 4 𝑥𝑦 ¿ 4 𝑎𝑏𝑐
DEMO Dividing Algebraic Expressions YOUR TURN

Simplify: Simplify these calculations:

6 𝑎2 12𝑏 4
32𝑥 3 𝑦 2 1)
2𝑎 3 𝑎 2)
4 𝑏2 3 𝑏2
8𝑥 2 𝑦 24 𝑥𝑦 2
coefficients
3)
3 𝑥𝑦
8 𝑦
4𝑥3𝑦2 4 𝑥𝑦 2 4 𝑥𝑦 14 𝑎3 𝑏2 7 𝑏 7
1 4) = 𝑏
𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 6 𝑎3 𝑏 3 3

5) 42𝑎4 𝑏3÷7𝑎2𝑏2 6 𝑎2 𝑏
¿ 4 𝑥𝑦 40 𝑎 3 𝑏𝑐 4
6)
5 𝑎2 𝑐 2 8 𝑎𝑏𝑐 2
 Is one of these methods better?

36 𝑎2 𝑏2 36 𝑎2 𝑏2 36 𝑎2 𝑏2
6𝑎 6𝑎 6𝑎
36 𝑎2 𝑏 2
18 𝑎2 𝑏2 36 𝑎𝑏 2 ×
6 𝑎
3𝑎 6

6 𝑎2 𝑏2 6 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑎𝑏 2
6×
𝑎 1 1

6 𝑎𝑏 2
1
¿ 6 𝑎𝑏2 ¿ 6 𝑎𝑏2 ¿ 6 𝑎𝑏2