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Chapter 3
Control Structures:
Selection
 Outline
Objectives
1. Algorithm Development
2. Structured Programming
3. Conditional Expressions
4. Selection Statements: if Statement
5. Numerical Technique: Linear Interpolation
6. Problem Solving Applied: Freezing Temperature of
Seawater
7. Selection Statements: switch Statement
8. Defining Operators for Programmer-defined data types

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 Objectives
Develop problem-solving solutions in
C++ containing:
• Conditional expressions that evaluate to
true or false.
• Selection structures that allow us to provide
alternative paths in a program.
• Algorithm development and descriptions of
algorithms using flowcharts and
pseudocode.
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 Algorithm Development
• An algorithm is a sequence of steps for
solving a problem.
• Engineering problem solutions to real
world problems require complex
algorithms.
• Development of a good algorithm
increases the quality and maintainability of
a solution, and reduces the overall time
required to implement a correct solution.
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 Top-Down Design
• Top-down design begins with a "big
picture" description of a problem solution
in sequential steps.
• The sequential steps are refined until the
steps are detailed enough to translate to
language statements.
• The refined steps, or algorithm, can be
described using pseudo code or
flowcharts.
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 Pseudocode
Notation
and
Flowchart
Symbols

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 Structured Programming
• A structured program is written using
simple control structures, including:
– Sequence – steps are performed one after
another.
– Selection – one set of statements is executed if
a given condition is true, a different set of
statements, or no statements at all, is executed if
the condition is false.
– Repetition –A set of statements is executed
repeatedly as long as a given condition is true.
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 Structured Programming
• Sequence

false true
?
• Selection
? => conditional
expression
false
?
• Repetition true

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 Conditional Expressions
• A conditional expression is a
Boolean expression that evaluates to true
or false.
• Selection structures and repetition
structures rely on conditional expressions.
• Relational operators and logical
operators are used to form conditional
expressions.
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 Relational Operators
 == equality
 != non equality
< less than
> greater than
 <= less than equal to
 >= greater than equal to
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 Logical Operators
! not
 && and
 || or

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 Logical Operators

A B A&&B A||B !A !B
false false false false true true
false true false true true false
true false false true false true
true true true true false false

Truth table for conditional expressions

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 Short Circuiting
• C++ only evaluates as much of an
expression as necessary to evaluate it.
– E.g. if A is false, A && B is always false,
regardless of the value of B.
– E.g. if A is true, A || B is always true,
regardless of the value of B.

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 Operator Precedence
Precedence Operator Associativity
1 () Innermost First
2 Unary operators: + - ++ -- ! (type) Right to left
3 * / % Left to right
4 + - Left to right
5 < <= > => Left to right
6 == != Left to right
7 && Left to right
8 || Left to right
9 = += -= *= /= %= Right to left

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 Selection Statements:

• if Statement
• if-else Statement
• switch Statement

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 The if Statement

Simplified Syntax
if (boolean_expression) if (boolean_expression) {
statement; statement1;
…
statement_n;
}
Examples
if (x>0)
++k; //statement executed iff x>0

if (x>0) { //statement block executed iff x>0

x = sqrt(x);
++k;
}
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 The if-else Statement

Syntax
if (boolean_expression) if (boolean_expression) {
statement; …
[else } [else {
statement;] …
}]
Example

if (x>0) { //statement block executed iff x>0

} else { //statement block executed iff x<=0

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 Avoiding Bugs
• To avoid confusion and possible
errors when using if/else statements, you
should use {} to clearly define statement
blocks.
• Do not use == with real values
– Instead of x==3.14, use
fabs(x-3.14)<0.0001
• Do not confuse the equality operator with the
assignment operator!
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 Numerical Technique:
Linear Interpolation

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 Why Linear Interpolation?
• Collecting data in a computer usually
results in a collection of samples.
• Often, we are interested in what happens
‘in between’ the sample points.
– i.e. we need to interpolate between the
samples.
• Linear and cubic spline interpolation
common techniques.

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 Interpolation Example

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 Linear Interpolation

f(a), a, f(c), and c

are known. We
wish to estimate
f(b) where
a < b < c.

Linear
interpolation is a
straight-line
approximation
between the
known points.
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 Problem Solving Applied:
Freezing Temperature
of Seawater

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 The switch Statement

Syntax
switch (control_expression) {
• Control expression must
case constant: be an integral type (e.g.
statement(s); char, int, etc…)
break;
[ case constant:
• Break statements are not
statement(s); required; without a break
break; statement execution ‘runs
[…] ]
[ default:
through’ other case
statement(s); ] labels.
}

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 Example
char ch;
int ecount=0, vowels=0, other=0;
cin.get(ch);
while(!cin.eof()) {
switch(ch) {
case ‘e’: ecount++;
case ‘a’:
case ‘i’:
case ‘o’:
case ‘u’: vowels++;
break;
default: other++;
} //end switch
cin.get(ch);
} //end while
cout << ecount << ‘,’ << vowels << ‘,’ << other << endl

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 Currency Conversion
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Program chapter3 _3
*
* This program performs currency conversion from dollars to
* E => euros
* P => pesos
* S => pounds sterling
*/
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
double dollars, equivalentCurr;
char currencyCode;
const double ECONVERSION{0.7041}, PCONVERSION{11.6325},
SCONVERSION{0.6144};
//Prompt user for input
cout << "enter dollar amount" << endl;
cin >> dollars;
cout << "enter currency code:\n"
<< "E => Euros\nP => Mexican Pesos\nS => British Pounds Sterling\n" ;
cin >> currencyCode;

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 switch(toupper(currencyCode))
{
case 'E':
cout << "converting dollars to euros..\n" ;
equivalentCurr = dollars*ECONVERSION
break;
case 'P':
cout << "converting dollars to pesos..\n" ;
equivalentCurr = dollars*PCONVERSION;
break;
case 'S':
cout << "converting dollars to pounds sterling..\n" ;
equivalentCurr = dollars*SCONVERSION;
break;
default:
cout << currencyCode << "not supported at this time\n" ;
equivalentCurr = dollars;
}//end switch
cout << "Equivalent amount: "<< equivalentCurr << endl;
return (EXIT _SUCCESS);
}//end main

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 Defining Operators for
Programmer-defined
Data Types

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 Operators and Programmer-
defined Types
• Only the assignment operation is
defined for programmer-defined types.
• The programmer may overload operators
by providing a new definition of an existing
operator to work with programmer-defined
types.
– Operators may not be overloaded for
standard C++ data types.

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 Overloaded Operators for
the Point Class
//Point class declaration: Point.h
double operator-(const Point& rhs) const;
bool operator ==(const Point& rhs) const;

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//Point class implementation: Point.cpp
double Point::operator -(const Point& rhs) const
{
double diffX, diffY, distance;
diffX = rhs.xCoord - xCoord; //(x2-x1)
diffY = rhs.yCoord - yCoord; //(y2-y1)
distance = sqrt( pow(diffX,2) + pow(diffY,2) );
return distance;
}

bool Point::operator ==(const Point& rhs) const

{
if(rhs.xCoord == xCoord &&
rhs.yCoord == yCoord )
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
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