ODA BULTUM

UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND
HUMANITIES
Department of psychology
Inclusiveness course teaching material for
freshmen students.
February /2023
 Inclusiveness
Chapter 1:
Understanding Disabilities and Vulnerabilities
1.1 Definitions of Basic Terms
Impairment,
Disability and
Handicap
 Impairment…
• Impairment means a lack/abnormality of an
anatomic, physiological or psychological structure
or function or deviation on a person.
• It refers to any loss or abnormality of physiological,
psychological or anatomical structure or function.
• It is the absence of particular body part or organ.
• It could also be a condition in which the body exists
but doesn‘t function.
 Impairment jechuun hanqina ykn wallaansoo qaama, hojiirra oolmaa qaamaa,
sammuu, ykn amala sirrii irraa kan hafe ykn irraa maqe ta'uu dha.
 Impairment jechuun dhabama ykn wallaansoo qaama keessatti amala hojii qaamaa, sammuu,
ykn qaama yookiin qaamolee qaamaa ta’e kamiyyuu kan miidhameedha. Kunis qaama qaamaa
ykn xannacha tokko kan dhabame ta’uu danda’a. Akkasumas qaamni qaama keessatti argamees
ta’u hojii isaa hojjechuu kan hin dandeenye ta’uu danda’a
 i. Impairment
• Impairment in its simple meaning denotes a
sort of disturbance in our body system or at the
organ level.
• It refers to abnormalities of body structure and
appearance resulting from any cause.
• The term impairment can also be defined as a
physical, psychological, or physiological deficit.
• In this way, it represents a certain type of lose
or deficiency at the organic level.
"Deficit" jechuun hanqina ykn dhabiinsa jedhu.
 i. Impairment
For example,
 the loss of a limbs,
 paralysis of speech organs, muscles, or legs,
 disturbance in one’s vision or hearing system,
and
 structural abnormalities in one’s neurological
system, brain, and spinal cord may
demonstrate impairment.
 Disability
• The concept of disability is complex, dynamic,
multidimensional, and contested (WHO and World Bank,
2011).
• The term impairment is often used synonymously with
disability.
 Jecha impairment jedhu yeroo baay’ee jecha miidhaa qaamaa ykn dadhabina waliin kan
wal fakkaatuun tajaajila.
• However, there is a slight distinction between impairment
and disability in terms of the nature of the individual’s
problem.
• The term disability generally reflects the consequences of
impairment in terms of functional performance and activity
by the individual.
• In short, a disability is an inability to do something or a
 ii. Disability
• Mangal (2007) defines disability as the functional
limitation that a person experiences as a result
of his/her impairment.
• When an impairment limits one’s ability to
perform certain task equal as people with the
same age or class, it represents his/her disability.
Yeroo impairment tokko dandeettii nama tokkoo
hojii muraasa akkuma namoota umrii yookiin
sadarkaa walfakkaataa qabanitti hojjechuu
danda’u dhoorku, kun dadhabina isaa/ishee bakka
bu’a.
 ii. Disability
• When an impairment limits one’s ability to
perform certain task equal as people with the
same age or class, it represents his/her
disability.
• For example, visual impairment may result in
one’s reduced visual function.
• Similarly, orthopaedic impairment may limit
one’s motor functions like walking.
• In these cases, we can say an impairment leads
to disability.
 iii. Handicap
• Handicap refers to the problem a person with
impairment or disability encounters when interacting
with the environment/community.
• The term handicap can be defined as the
disadvantages imposed on an individual in various
social settings as a result of his/her impairment or
disability .
• It is a hindrance for a person to make social
functioning or interaction with others because of
his/her disability/impairment.
• A person may not gain the opportunities of entering
into the activities and profession of his/her choice and
getting married by considering his/her impairment or disability.
 iii. Handicap
Handicap jechuun hanqina ykn hir’inna qaamaa namni
tokko qabu irraa kan ka’e miidhaa hawaasni garaa
garaatti itti murteessu dha.
For example
o people who cannot walk may be denied access to
particular places or activities.
o Inability of hearing sounds may turn one into aurally
handicapped (i.e., experiencing problems in
interacting with the environmental situations that
demand hearing ability).
o A physical impairment or motor disability may pose a
handicap in socialization.
 Relationship between disability and handicap
• Where impairment results in a disability, the disability
in turn may give birth to a problem known as
handicap.
• Since impairment leads to disability and disability then
causes a handicap, they have cause and effect or
functional interrelationship .
• For example, visual or hearing impairment may lead to
disability if the deficit may not be removed by the use of
lenses or hearing aid and creates functional limitation.
• The disability, in turn, may cause handicap when it creates
obstacle in getting married or seeking employment in a
society as a result of negative attitudes of others towards
the individual’s disability.
 Differences
• There is a slight distinction between the terms
impairment, disability and handicap depending on
the magnitude of the problem.
• An impairment represents a certain type of lose or
deficit at the organic level that does not create
inability for an individual.
• For example, a child born with a loss of finger-nail
has a structural impairment, but this does not
interfere with the function of the hand. In this case,
there is no disability.
• A disability is an inability to do something or it is a
diminished capacity to perform in a specific way as a
result of impairment.
 Differences
• A handicap, on the other hand, is a disadvantage
imposed on an individual due to his/her disability.
• Usually, a person with disability could be
handicapped when others refuse to allow him/her to
do the things he/she is able to do.
• If the disability may not have adverse effect on the
person’s involvement, it may not cause handicapping
condition.
• For example, the child with an artificial limb may be
handicapped when rejected by non-disabled peers to
play together on the basketball court, but experience
no handicap when learning together in the
classroom.
 Disability...
• The most popular disabling factors:
• Societal=Gufuu Hawaasummaa
• Environmental=Gufuu Naannoo
• Systemic barriers=Gufuu Sirnaafi Qajeeltoowwan
 What is disability? Based on two approaches
1. Medical Approach
• Disability is pathology (physiological, biological and
intellectual).
• Disability means functional limitations due to
physical, intellectual or psychic impairment, health
or psychic disorders on a person (WHO,1996).
• This definition has given rise to the idea that people
are individual objects to be treated, changed" or
improved" and made more normal.
• views the disabled person as needing to fit in
rather than thinking about how society itself should
change.
 2. The social definition of disability
• Disability is a highly varied and complex condition
with a range of implications for social identity and
behavior.
• Disability largely depends on the context and is a
consequence of discrimination, prejudice and
exclusion.
 Medical Vs Social
Medical model: Social model:
Child is faulty Child is valued
Diagnosis and labeling Strengths and needs
identified
Impairment is focus of Barriers identified and
attention solutions developed
Segregation and alternative Resources made available
services
Re-entry if normal enough or Diversity welcomed; child is
permanent exclusion welcomed
Society remains unchanged Society evolves
 Causes of disability
1. Genetic Causes
• Abnormalities in genes and genetic inheritance can
cause intellectual disability in children.
• In some countries, Down syndrome is the most
common genetic condition.
• Sometimes, diseases, illnesses, and over-exposure
to x-rays can cause a genetic disorder.
 2. Environmental causes...
• Poverty and malnutrition in pregnant mothers can
cause a deficiency in vital minerals and result in
deformation issues in the unborn child.
• After birth, poverty and malnutrition can also cause
poor development of vital organs in the child,
• The use of drugs, alcohol, tobacco, the exposure to
certain toxic chemicals and illnesses, toxoplasmosis,
cytomegalovirus, rubella and syphilis by a pregnant
mother can cause intellectual disability to the child.
• Childhood diseases such as a whooping cough,
measles, and chicken pox may lead to menigitis and
encephalitis.
 Env’tal ....
• This can cause damage to the brain of the child.
• Toxic material such as lead and mercury can
damage the brain too.
• Unfortunate life events such as drowning,
automobile accidents, falls and so on can result in
people losing their sight, hearing, limbs and other
vital parts of their body and cause disability.
 3. Unknown Causes
• The human body is a phenomenal thing.
• Scientists have still not figured out what and how
some things in the body, cells, brain, and genes
come about.
• Humans have still not found all the answers to all
the defects in the human body.
 Inaccessible environments
• Sometimes society makes it difficult for people with
some impairment to function freely.
• infrastructures such as houses, roads, parks and
other public places built without consideration to
people with impairment.
• For example, if a school is built with a ramp in
addition to stairs, it makes it easy for people with
wheelchairs to move about freely.
• Lack of education, support services, health and
opportunities for people with impairment
• "Barnoota, tajaajila deeggarsaa, fayyaa fi carraa
dhabuu namoota miidhaan irra ga'eef."
 Some type of disabilities
• There are at least nine major types of disabilities.
1.Visual impairment (Low vision and blindness);
2. Hearing Impairment (Hard of Hearing, Deaf);
3. Specific learning disability; (Auditory Processing
Disorder (APD), Dyscalculia, Dysgraphia, Dyslexia,
Language Processing Disorder, Non-Verbal Learning
Disabilities, Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit
4.Speech and Language Impairments
5.Autism
6. Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
7.Intellectual Disability
8. Physical disability/Orthopedic Impairment and
Health impairment
9. Vulnerability
 1. Visual impairment
• Visual impairment in general designates two sub-
classifications.
• Blindness:- total or partial inability to see because of
disease or disorder of the eye, optic nerve, or brain.
• typically refers to vision loss that is not correctable
with eyeglasses or contact lenses.
• Low vision:- is used for moderately impaired vision.
People with low vision may have a visual
impairment that affects only central vision.
• central vision—the area directly in front of the eyes
or peripheral vision the area to either side of and
slightly behind the eyes.
 2. Hearing Impairment
• A generic term indicating a continuum of hearing
loss from mild to profound, which includes the sub-
classifications of the hard of hearing and deaf.
• Hard of Hearing: "A hearing impairment, whether
permanent of fluctuating, which adversely affects a
child's educational performance but which is not
included under the definition of 'deaf'."
• Deaf: Those who have difficulty understanding
speech, even with hearing aids but can successfully
communicate in sign language.
 3. Specific learning disability
• a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological
processes involved in understanding or in using
language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself
in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read,
write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations.
• includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities,
brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and
developmental aphasia.
• Not include, learning problems that are primarily the
result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; of
intellectual disability; of emotional disturbance; or of
environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage.
 Specific lrg disabilities...
• Generally speaking, people with learning disabilities
are of average or above average intelligence.
• A learning disability cannot be cured or fixed; it is a
lifelong challenge.
• However, with appropriate support and intervention,
people with learning disabilities can achieve success in
school, at work, in relationships, and in the community.
 Types of Specific Learning Disabilities
A. Central Auditory Processing Disorder,
• It is a condition that adversely affects how sound
that travels unimpeded through the ear is
processed or interpreted by the brain.
• do not recognize subtle differences between sounds
in words, even when the sounds are loud and clear
enough to be heard.
• They can also find it difficult to tell where sounds
are coming from, to make sense of the order of
sounds, or to block out competing background
noises.
Hiikaa page 29
A.Central Audiotry process disorder(CAPD)

Haalli kun dhaggeettii dhagaa'amuun dabarsamee gara

sammuu geessamu haala itti qoratamuu yookaan hiikamu
irraan miidhaa qaba.
Dhaggeessitoonni adda addummaa xiqqaa sagalee
sagaleewwan kaluun ifaan dhagahamu illee hubachuu
dhabu.
Akkasumas, bakka sagaleewwan irraa dhufan adda baasuuf
rakkoo qabaachuu, tartiiba sagaleewwan itti dhufan
hubachuu, yookaan sagalee duubatti sagalee faayinan itti
dhufu waliin adda baasuuf ulfaataa ta’uu danda’u.
 Types of LD...
B. Dyscalculia:- is a specific learning disability that
affects a person‘s ability to understand numbers
and learn math.
• Poor comprehension of math symbols,
• May struggle with memorizing and organizing numbers,
• Have difficulty telling time, or have trouble with
counting.
C. Dysgraphia :- is a specific learning disability that affects a
person‘s handwriting ability and fine motor skills.
Problems may include illegible handwriting, inconsistent
spacing, poor spatial planning on paper, poor spelling, and
difficulty composing writing as well as thinking and writing
at the same time.
 Types of LD...
D. Dyslexia:- is a specific LD that affects reading and
related language-based processing skills.
can affect reading fluency; decoding, reading
comprehension, recall, writing, spelling, and
sometimes speech and can exist along with other
related disorders.
• sometimes referred to as a Language-Based
Learning Disability.
 Types of LD...
E. Language Processing Disorder:- is a specific type of
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) in which there is
difficulty attaching meaning to sound groups that
form words, sentences and stories.
• LPD relates only to the processing of language.
• LPD can affect expressive language and/or receptive
language.
 Types of LD....
F. Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities :- is a disorder
which is usually characterized by a significant
discrepancy between higher verbal skills and
weaker motor, visual-spatial and social skills.
• Typically, an individual with NLD (or NVLD) has
trouble interpreting nonverbal cues like facial
expressions or body language, and may have poor
coordination.
 Types of LD...
F. Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit
• is a disorder that affects the understanding of
information that a person sees, or the ability to
draw or copy.
 4.Speech and Language Impairments
• means a communication disorder such as stuttering,
impaired articulation, language impairment, or a voice
impairment that adversely affects a child‘s educational
performance.
• It is disorder that adversely affects the child's ability
to talk, understand, read, and write.
• This disability category can be divided into two
groups:
speech impairments and
language impairments.
 Speech and language disorder...
i. Speech Impairments
• There are three basic types of speech impairments:
• Articulation Disorders,
• Fluency Disorders, And
• Voice Disorders.
Articulation disorders are errors in the production of
speech sounds that may be related to anatomical or
physiological limitations in the skeletal, muscular, or
neuromuscular support for speech production.
 Speech and language disorder...
Articulation disorders include:
• Omissions: (bo for boat)
• Substitutions: (wabbit for rabbit)
• Distortions: (shlip for sip)
Fluency disorders:- are difficulties with the rhythm
and timing of speech characterized by hesitations,
repetitions, or prolongations of sounds, syllables,
words, or phrases.
Common fluency disorders include:
• Stuttering: rapid-fire repetitions of consonant or
vowel sounds especially at the beginning of words,
prolongations, hesitations, interjections, and
complete verbal blocks
• Cluttering: excessively fast and jerky speech
Voice disorders:- are problems with the quality or use
of one's voice resulting from disorders in the larynx.
are characterized by abnormal production and/or
absences of vocal quality, pitch, loudness, resonance,
and/or duration.
 Language Impairments
• There are five basic areas of language impairments:
• phonological disorders,
• morphological disorders,
• semantic disorders,
• syntactical deficits, and
• pragmatic difficulties.
 Language impairment...
• Phonological disorders:- are defined as the
abnormal organization of the phonological system,
or a significant deficit in speech production or
perception.
• Apraxia of speech is a specific phonological disorder
where the student may want to speak but has difficulty
planning what to say and the motor movements to use.
 Language impairment...
• Morphological disorders are defined as difficulties
with morphological inflections (inflections on
nouns, verbs, and adjectives that signal different
kinds of meanings).
• Semantic disorders are characterized by poor
vocabulary development, inappropriate use of word
meanings, and/or inability to comprehend word
meanings.
• Syntactic deficits are characterized by difficulty in
acquiring the rules that govern word order and
others aspects of grammar such as subject-verb
agreement.
 Language impairment....
• Pragmatic difficulties are characterized as problems
in understanding and using language in different
social contexts.
• These sts may lack an understanding of the rules for
• making eye contact,
• respecting personal space,
• requesting information, and
• introducing topics.
 5.Autism
• Autism means a developmental disability significantly
affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and
social interaction.
• Generally evident before age three that adversely
affects a child‘s educational performance.
• Other characteristics:-
• Engaging in repetitive activities and stereotyped
movements,
• Resistance to environmental change or change in
daily routines, and
• Unusual responses to sensory experiences.
Autism=: jechuun rakkoo guddina sammuu kan yeroo
ijoollummaatti mul'atu yoo ta'u, kunis haala walqunnamtii afaanii
fi kan afaaniin alaa fi hariiroo hawaasummaa irraan dhiibbaa
cimaa geessisa.

Yeroo hedduu umriin ijoollee waggaa sadii hin guutin dura

mul’ata, akkasumas carraa barnoota ijoollee irratti miidhaa qaba.

Amala biroo akka armaan gadiitti qabaachuu danda’a:

Hojiiwwan bifa irreeffannaa (yeroo hunda hojii tokko irra
deddeebi’uu fi sochii caasaa hin qabne) raawwachuu,Jijjiirama
naannowaa yookiin tartiiba guyyaa guyyaa keessatti jijjiiramaaf
mormuu,
Deebii bifa adda ta’eef yaadota gara garaa itti kennuu.
 Autism...
• Autism is a neurodevelopment disorder defined by
impairments in social and communication
development, accompanied by stereotyped
patterns of behavior and interest (Landa, 2007).
• Autism is pervasive developmental disorder
characterized by lack of normal sociability, impaired
communication and repetitive obsessive behavior
such as politeness, turn-taking (Young &
Nettlebeck , 2005).
 6. Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
• A condition exhibiting one or more of the following
characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked
degree that adversely affects educational performance.
(IDEA)
1) An inability to learn that cannot be explained by
intellectual, sensory, or health factors;
2) An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal
relationships with peers and teachers;
3) Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal
circumstances;
4) A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression; or
5) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears
associated with personal or school problems.
 Classification of behavioral and emotional
disorders
• Conduct disorder: individuals may seek attention,
are disruptive and act out. (Overt Vs covert ).
• Socialized aggression: individuals join subculture
group of peers who are openly disrespectful to their
peers, teachers, and parents. Common are
delinquency and dropping out of school.
• Early symptoms include stealing, running away from
home, habitual lying, cruelty to animals, and fire
setting.
• Attention problems- These individuals may have attention
deficit, are easily destructible and have poor
concentration.
• Anxiety/Withdrawn- These individuals are self-conscious,
reserved, and unsure of themselves. They typically have
low self-esteem and withdraw from immediate activities.
They are also anxious and frequently depressed.
• Psychotic behavior: These individuals show more bizarre
behavior. They may hallucinate, deal in a fantasy world
and may even talk in gibberish.
• Motor excess: These students are hyperactive. They
cannot sit nor listen to others nor keep their attention
focused.
• Kauffman (1993) conclude that emotion or behavioral
disorders fall into two broad classifications:
1) Externalizing Behavior: also called under controlled
disorder, include such problems disobedience,
disruptiveness, fighting, tempers tantrums, irresponsibility,
jealous, anger, attention seeking etc…
2) Internalizing Behavior: also known as over controlled
disorders, include such problems anxiety, immaturity,
shyness, social withdrawal, feeling of inadequacy
(inferiority), guilt, depression and worries a great deal
 Causes of behavioral and emotional disorders
1. Biological- includes genetic disorders, brain damage,
and malnutrition, allergies, temperament and damage
to the central nervous system.
2. Family factors- include family interactions, family
influence, child abuse, neglect, and poor disciplinary
practices at home.
3. Cultural factors- include some traditional and cultural
negative practices, for example watching violence and
sexually oriented movies and TV programs.
4. Environmental factors- include peer pressure, living
in impoverished areas, and schooling practices that
are unresponsive to individual needs.
 7.Intellectual Disability
• a disability characterized by significant limitations in
both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior,
which covers many everyday social and practical skills.
• Originates before the age of 18.
• Intellectual disability can be considered based on the
following three criteria:
1. Sub average intellectual functioning: an IQ test score of
around 70 or as high as 75.
2. Significant limitations exist in two or more adaptive skill
areas:
• Conceptual skills—language and literacy; money, time, and
number concepts; and self-direction.
 Intellectual disability...
• Social skills:- interpersonal skills, social responsibility,
self-esteem, gullibility, innocence, social problem solving,
and the ability to follow rules/obey laws and to avoid being
victimized.
• Practical skills:- activities of daily living (personal care),
occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation,
schedules/routines, safety, use of money, use of the
telephone.
 Intellectual disability..
• People with intellectual disabilities academic learning
can be affected, as well as their ability to adapt to home,
school, and community environments are presented
under the following sub-headings:
• General Cognition: vary physically and emotionally, as
well as by personality, disposition, and beliefs.
• Learning and Memory: significantly below average in
comparison to peers without disabilities.
• Attention: difficulty distinguishing and attending to
relevant questions
• Adaptive Skills: difficulty in both learning and applying
skills for a number of reasons,
• Delayed Speech and Language:
8. Physical disability/Orthopedic Impairment
and Health impairment
• Physical disability:- is a condition that interferes
with the individual‘s ability to use his or her body.
• Orthopedic impairment:- generally refers to
conditions of muscular or skeletal system and
sometimes to physical disabling conditions of the
nervous system).
• Health impairment:- is a condition that requires
ongoing medical attention. It includes asthma, heart
defects, cancer, diabetes, hemophilia. HIV/AIDS, etc.
 Physical disability...
• Physical disabilities is divided into three. These
are:-
A. Mild physical disability:- these individuals are able
to walk without aids and may make normal
developmental progress.
B. Moderate physical disability:- individuals can walk
with braces and crutches and may have difficulty
with fine-motor skills and speech production.
C. Severe physical disability:-these are individuals
who are wheel-chair dependent and may need
special help to achieve regular development.
 Physical disability...
• The physical disability could be broadly classified in
to two
I. The neurological system (the brain ,spinal cord &
nerve) related problems.
II. Musculo skeletal system ( the muscles, bones and
joints) are deficient due to various causes.
 Neurological system
• Cerebral palsy or a traumatic brain injury, the brain
either sends the wrong instructions or interprets
feedback incorrectly.
• include learning disabilities, mental retardation.
Seizures, speech impairments, eating problems,
sensory impairments, and joint and bone
deformities.
• Epilepsy:-is disorder that occurs when the brain
cells are not working properly and is often called a
seizure disorder.
 Neurological system
• Spinal bifida and spinal cord injury:- damage to the
spinal cord leads to paralysis and loss of sensation
in the affected areas of the body.
• The spinal bifida is a birth defect of the backbone
(spinal column).
• The cause is unknown but it usually occurs in the
first twenty-six days of pregnancy.
 II. Musculoskeletal system
• includes
1. Progressive muscle weakness (muscular dystrophy);
3. Inflammation of the joints (arthritis), or
4. Loss of various parts of the body (amputation).
 Musculoskeletal system
A. Muscular dystrophy:- is an inherited condition
accruing mainly in males, in which the muscles
weaken and deteriorate.
• The weakness usually appears around 3 to 4 years
of age and worsens progressively.
• By age 11 most victims can to longer walk.
• Death usually comes between the ages of 25 and 35
from respiratory failure or cardiac arrest.
B. Arthritis:-is an inflammation of the joints.
• Symptoms include swollen and stiff joints, fever, and
pain in the joints during acute periods.
• Prolonged inflammation can lead joint deformities
that can eventually affect mobility.
C. Amputation:- a small number of children have
missing limbs because of congenital abnormalities
or injuiry or disease (malignant bone tumors in the
limbs).
• These children can use customized prosthetic
devices (artificial hands, arms, or legs) to replace
limp functions and increase independence in daily
activities.
• Polio:- is viral disease that invade the brain and
cause severe paralysis of the total body system. In
its mild form results in partial paralysis.
 Health Impairments
• Any disease that interferes with learning can make
students eligible for special services.
1. Heart disease:- this is common among young
people.
• It is caused by improper circulation of blood by the
heart some of the disorders are congenital )present
at birth); others are the product of inflammatory
heart disease.
2. Cystic fibrosis:- is a hereditary disease that affects the
lungs and pancreas. It leads to recurrent respiratory
and digestive problems including abnormal amounts
of thick mucus, sweet and saliva.
 Health impairments
3. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS):- is a
very severe disease caused by human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and
transmitted primarily through exchange of bodily
fluids in transfusions or unprotected sex, and by
contaminated needles in addictive drug use.
 Health impairment...
4. Hemophilia:- is a hereditary disease in which the
blood clots very slowly or not all. The disorder is
transmitted by sex-linked recessive gene and nearly
always occurs in males.
5. Asthma: is a chronic respiratory condition
characterized by repeared eplosde of breathing
difficulties especially while exhaling.
6. Diabetes: Developmental or hereditary disorder
characterized by inadequate secretion or use of
insulin.
7. Nephrosis & Nephritis Kidney disorders or diseases
caused by infections, poisoning, burns, accidents or
other diseases
8. Sickle-cell anemia Hereditary and chronic blood
disease (occurring primarly in African Americans)
characterized by red blood cells that are distorted
and that do not circulate properly
9. Leukemia: Disease characterized by excessive
production of white blood Cells
 Health impairment
10. Lead poisoning Disorder:- caused by ingesting
lead-based paint chips or other substances
containing lead
11. Rheumatic fever Disease:- characterized by
painful swelling and inflammation of the joints that
can spread to the hear and central nervous system.
12. Tuberculosis Infectious disease:- that commonly
affects the lungs and may affect other tissues of the
body.
13. Cancer:- Abnormal growth of cells that can affect
any organ system
 9. Vulnerability
• means being at risk of being harmed.
• Everyone can be harmed, so being vulnerable is part of
being human.
• Vulnerability can be generally defined as a complex
phenomenon that refers to.:-
1. Economic difficulties/lack of financial resources:
2. Social exclusion: limited access to facilities such as
transportation, schools, libraries or medical services;
3. Lack of social support from social networks:
4. Stigmatization:
5. Health difficulties:
6. Being a victim of crime:
 Causes of Vulnerability
• Rapid population growth,
• Poverty and hunger, poor health,
• Low levels of education,
• Gender inequality,
• Fragile and hazardous location, and
• Lack of access to resources and services,
Other causes include:-
• social disadvantage or lack political voice,
• Environmental vulnerability concerns land
degradation, earthquake, flood, hurricane, drought,
storms.
 Characteristics of Vulnerable People

1. Less physically or mentally capable (infants, older

adults, people with disabilities)
2. Fewer material and/or financial resources (low-
income households, homeless)
3. Less knowledge or experience (children, illiterate,
foreigners, tourists)
4. Restricted by society to grow and develop
according to their needs and potentials
 Vulnerability....
• People who are helped by others are still vulnerable
people, which includes the following extracted from
various researches.
A. Women:
B. Children:
C. Minorities:
. Poverty:
E. Disabilities:
F. Age:
G. Illiteracy and less education
H. Sickness:
 Chapter 2: Concept of
Inclusion
• 2.1. Definition of Inclusion