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FAULT

Understanding the structure fault. It's definition, types, occurrence, and significance.

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Jaquilin Joseph
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30 views32 pages

FAULT

Understanding the structure fault. It's definition, types, occurrence, and significance.

Uploaded by

Jaquilin Joseph
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTENTS

Introduction
What is fault
Fault terminology
Types of Movements
Relative movements
Causes of faults
Classification of faults
Conclusions
Reference
INTRODUCTION
Deformation is the change in the shape, size or position
of the bed due to the applied forces.

Fault is brittle type of deformation in which fracture or


rupture when will be developed before the displacement
of block.

Due to the effect of differential stresses we can observe


verity of deformation structures.
What is fault:-
Faults are rupture along the opposite walls have move past
each other. The essential feature is differential movement
parallel to the surface fracture. Caused by the brittle
deformation.

Depending upon the nature and magnitude of stresses


and the types of the rocks, the rock bodies may get
fractured into different parts , and relative displacement
of blocks may occur for different distances.

These are varying from a few centi meters to many meters


and this displacement may occur in any direction.
Fault terminology:-
There are disposition of different type of faults
Fault terminology:-
Fault terminology:-

rake
TYPES OF MOVEMENTS:-

There are tow types of movements

1. Translational Movement
2. Rotational Movement
Transitional Rotational
Relative movements:-

b a

b
a

Strike slip Dip slip

c
b
a
d

Net slip
Causes of faults:-
Faults are essentially the shear or sliding failures, resulting
from tensional, compressional, rotational stress acting the
crustal rock masses.
They may be due to the shrinking Earth; or due to the
convection currents produced in the Earth.
Normal faults are assumed to have been formed under
the horizontal tension.
Thrust faults may be assumed to be originating from
compressive stress, which may throw the rocks into folds,
and these intensely folded getting fractured and faulted
under shear.
The faults occure in volcanic areas and mountain zones,
They are found in plains and plateaus.
Classification of faults:-

1. Geometrical classification

2. Genetical classification
Geometrical classification:-
The bases of five different geometrical classification

1. The rake of the net slip.

2. The attitude of fault related to attitude of the


adjacent rocs.

3. The pattern of fault.

4. The angle at which the fault dip.

5. The apparent movement on the fault.


Based on the rake of the net slip.

Strike Dipslip
Dip net slip fault
fault
Strikenet slip
slip fault
fault

Oblique slip fault


Based on attitude of fault related to
attitude of the adjacent rocks:-
D B SB

SF

Strike fault Dip fault


SB

SF

Oblique fault Bedding faults


Based on the pattern of fault:-

Radial faults Enechelon faults


Step faults Peripheral fault
HORST AND GRABEN
• When two or more normal faults occur
together, the central elongated wedge shaped
raised portion with respect to either sides are
called HORST.
• If it is extensively big it is called BLOCK
MOUNTAINS.
• The elongated central wedge shaped block
that moves downwards with respect to both
sides is called GRABEN.
RIFT VALLEY
• Are formed along divergent plate margins.
• Where two plates moves apart to form a
central long linear valley called RIFT VALLEY.
• On both sides of the rift, it has elongated
ridge crest.
• Rift valley may hundreds of meters deep and
Km wide.
Based on the apparent movement:-

Normal fault Reverse fault


• NORMAL FAULT- It is a type of fault where HW
moves down with respect to foot wall. The fault
plane may be inclined, at an angle between
horizontal and vertical.
• REVERSE FAULT- HW moves up respect to foot
wall. Compared to normal fault, reverse fault
makes shortening of crust.
• THRUST FAULT- a type of reverse fault with
faults angle dip less than 45 ̊. It is called LOW
ANGLE REVERSE FAULT.
• Highly folded area
• OVER THRUST- I n this type of fault a hanging
wall that displaced with respect to a passive
foot wall.
• UNDER THRUST- HW remain passive while FW
is getting displaced.
• HINGE FAULT- it is called rotational fault, The
movement of blocks along a medial point.
Classification basis of dip value:-
Tow important faults have been recognised on this basis.
They are,

A)High angle fault: where dip amount is more than 45ᵒ.

B)Low angle fault: These fault dip less than 45ᵒ.


Genetic classification:-

Thrust

Dextral Sinistral
Gravity
CONCLUSONS
Fault is a brittle deformation which can result due to
the different deformational activity.

Study of the faults are very important because ore


deposits of hydrothermal origin can be associated with
regional fault places.

There are two types of approches to classify the


faults ,
1)Based on geometry of the fault, and another one is,

2)Based on differential forces acting on the fault.


REFERENCE

Marland P. Billings(1984), structural geology, 3rd edition


Prentice-hall of India private Ltd, Pp(175-198).

Santosh Kumar Garg(1983), Phisical And Enginering


Geology, Seventh Revised Edition(2012), Published by
Romesh Chander Khanna, Pp(385-403).

D Venkata Reddy(2010), Engineering Geology, Vikas


Publishing House PVT Ltd, Pp(109-112).
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