Computed

Tomography
(CT Scan)
Group 8
Hồ Minh Hoàng - 2352348
Nguyễn Hùng Tiến – 2353181
Đoàn Nguyên Hưng - 2352426
Nguyễn Thành Phát - 2352893
Nguyễn Hoà Hiệp - 2352342
 01. INTRODUCTION &
PHYSICAL

Table of
PRINCIPLES

contents 02.
STRUCTURE &
HOW THE DEVICES
WORK

APPLICATION
03. PROS AND CONS
CAUTION
Introduction
 Pneumoencephalograph
• Introduced in 1919 y
• Performed extensively throughout late 20th
century
• Cerebrospinal fluid-a small amount drained from
around brain and replaced with air, oxygen, or
helium as contrast to allow the structure of brain
to show up more clearly on an X-ray
• Derived from cerebral ventriculography- air is
injected through holes drilled in skull
• Patient turned upside down in special chair that
can rotate vertically 360 degrees to get air to fill
ventricals
 Pneumoencephalograph
y

Cerebrospinal fluid being drained and replaced with air, helium or

gas
 Godfrey N.
Hounsfield
• British Radar Mechanic Instructor and Engineer
• August 28, 1919 - August 12, 2004
• Studied at Royal College of Science, and Faraday House
Electrical Engineering College in London
• Led design teams at EMI Central Research Lab
• Interested in computers and pattern recognition
• Began work on EMI scanner in 1967
• First patient scanned in 1972
• 1st commercial system installed June 18, 1973 at the Mayo
Clinic
• Worked closely with James Ambrose MD to translate to
clinical practice
• Knighted by Queen of England
 Allan M.
Cormack
• South African, American physicist
• February 23, 1924 - May 7, 1998
• Studied at University of Cape Town and Cambridge
• Professor, Tufts University
• Mainly worked on particle physics
• Side interest in X-ray technology
• Developed theoretical basis of CT
• Generated little interest until Hounsfield built first CT scanner
in 1971
• Honorary member, AAPM (Hiệp Hội Vật Lý Y khoa Mỹ)
The 1979 Nobel Prize in Philosophy or
Medicine
 Physical
principals
01 02 03
Attenuation Cross-sectional
X-
Coefficient images
ray
 X-Ray
• Create from x-ray tube by using Bremsstrahlung (Braking) Radiation.
 Attenuation
Coefficient
• X-rays pass through the body and different tissues in the body absorb X-
rays to varying extents, and this absorption rate is termed as “attenuation
coefficient”.

Beer-lambert law:

Where
I : transmitted beam intensity
Io : original beam intensity
e : Euler's constant
μ : linear attenuation coefficient
Δx : finite thickness of the section
 Cross-sectional
images
• Cross-sectional images are made up of small units of pixels or voxels.
Which is displayed according to the mean attenuation of the tissues that it
corresponds to on a scale from +3,071 to −1,024 on the Hounsfield scale

Hounsfield unit formula

Where
μ water and μ air are respectively the linear
attenuation coefficients of water and air.
Structure of a
CT Scan
Device
 Detectors
Gantry Arrayed opposite the X-ray source,
This is the main structure of the CT detectors capture the X-rays that
scanner, resembling a large ring or
doughnut. It houses the X-ray
Structure pass through the body. These
detectors measure the intensity of
source and detectors. X-rays transmitted through the
body from various angles.

X-ray Source Patient Table

The table where the patient lies
Located within the gantry, the X-
during the scan. It can move
ray source emits a narrow beam
horizontally into and out of the
of X-rays that pass through the
gantry to position the body
body.
correctly for scanning.
 X-ray Emission
• The X-ray source emits a
narrow beam of X-rays as
it rotates around the
patient.
 X-ray
Penetration
• X-rays penetrate through the body and are attenuated
(weakened) to varying degrees by different tissues.
 Detection
• Detectors on the opposite side of the gantry measure the intensity of
the X-rays that pass through the body from multiple angles.
 Data Collection
• As the gantry rotates and X-rays are detected, data is collected
and transmitted to a computer.
 Computer
Reconstruction
• Specialized software processes the data to reconstruct cross-
sectional images, or "slices," of the body at various depths.
 Image Display
• The reconstructed images are displayed on a computer monitor,
providing detailed views of internal structures.
Applications
 Detecting Tumors and
Abnormal Growth
• CT scans are crucial for detecting
tumors and abnormal growths in
the body.
• They are particularly effective in
identifying cancers in organs
such as the lungs, liver, and
pancreas.
Evaluating Trauma and
Injuries
CT scans are essential in trauma
cases for:
• Assessing fractures or broken
bones.
• Identifying internal bleeding.
• Detecting organ damage due to
trauma.
 Assessing Cardiovascular
Conditions
• CT angiography (CTA) is used to visualize blood vessels.
• It helps in diagnosing heart disease and detecting blood clots in arteries
and veins.
 Abdominal and Pelvic
Imaging
CT scans are commonly used to evaluate conditions in the abdomen and
pelvis, such as:
• Appendicitis.
• Diverticulitis.
• Bowel blockages.
• Kidney stones.
• Crohn’s disease.
 Brain and Spinal Cord
Imaging
• CT scans of the brain can determine the cause of strokes and assess
serious head injuries.
• They provide detailed views of the spinal cord and surrounding structures.
Detecting Abnormal Blood
Vessels
• CT angiography can identify abnormalities in blood vessels, such as
aneurysms or vascular malformations.
 Preoperative Planning
• Surgeons use CT scans to get a detailed view of specific areas of the body
before surgery.
 Benefits Risk
• Used for assessment in emergency s
• Risk of radiation exposure.
conditions. • Low-resolution images.
• Fast scanning speed. • Low sensitivity (30%).
• Accessibility. • Limitations in detecting some pathologies of
• Easy to use. temporal fossa such as mesial temporal
• Comparatively lower cost. sclerosis. and small/subtle changes.
• Sedation not required. • Need skilled technologists.
• Guiding treatment of common conditions • Patient must be completely immobile.
such as injury, cardiac disease and stroke
• Improving patient placement into appropriate
areas of care, such as intensive care units
 Cautio
n
• Some CT scanners have weight limitations because they involve using
a moving table that must fit into the scanner. If you are concerned
about the weight limit, talk to your radiologist about your questions
before undergoing the scan.
• Talk to your doctor about the procedure’s potential dangers and
benefits, and ask why the CT scan is necessary.
• Make sure to tell your provider and radiologist about your medical
history prior to the CT scan, if they haven't already asked.
• Make sure you aren’t allergic to contrast agent.
Thank you
very much!
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