Circles

Questions

 How do I identify segments and

lines related to circles?
 Howdo I use properties of a
tangent to a circle?
 Definitions
 A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are
equidistant from a given point called the center of
the circle.
 Radius – the distance from the center to a point on
the circle
 Congruent circles – circles that have the same
radius.
 Diameter – the distance across the circle through
its center
Diagram of Important
Terms

center

radius
P
diameter

name of circle: P
Definition

 Chord – a segment whose endpoints

are points on the circle.
B

A
AB is a chord
Definition

 Secant – a line that intersects a circle

in two points.
N

MN is a secant
Definition

 Tangent – a line in the plane of a

circle that intersects the circle in
exactly one point. T

ST is a tangent
Example 1

 Tell whether the line or segment is best

described as a chord, a secant, a tangent, a
diameter, or a radius. H

a. AH tangent

b. EI diameter
B E
C F
c. DF chord

I G
d. CE radius

A D
 Definition
 Tangent circles – coplanar
circles that intersect in one
point
Definition

 Concentric circles – coplanar

circles that have the same
center.
Definitions
 Common tangent – a line or segment that
is tangent to two coplanar circles
 Common internal tangent – intersects the
segment that joins the centers of the two
circles
 Common external tangent – does not
intersect the segment that joins the centers
of the two circles

common external tangent

common internal tangent
Example 2

 Tell whether the common tangents are

internal or external.
a. b.

common internal tangents common external tangents

More definitions

 Interior
of a circle – consists of
the points that are inside the
circle
 Exteriorof a circle – consists
of the points that are outside
the circle
Definition

 Point of tangency – the point at which

a tangent line intersects the circle to
which it is tangent

point of tangency
Perpendicular Tangent
Theorem
 If a line is tangent to a circle, then it
is perpendicular to the radius drawn
to the point of tangency. l

If l is tangent to Q at P, then l  QP.

Perpendicular Tangent
Converse
 In a plane, if a line is perpendicular to
a radius of a circle at its endpoint on
the circle, then the line is tangent to
the circle. l

If l  QP at P, then l is tangent to Q.
Definition

 Central angle – an angle whose vertex is

the center of a circle.
central angle
Definitions

 Minor arc – Part of a circle that

measures less than 180°
 Major arc – Part of a circle that
measures between 180° and 360°.
 Semicircle – An arc whose
endpoints are the endpoints of a
diameter of the circle.
Note : major arcs and semicircles
are named with three points
and minor arcs are named with
two points
Diagram of Arcs

A
minor arc: AB

major arc: ABD

D B
C
semicircle: BAD
Definitions

 Measureof a minor arc – the

measure of its central angle
 Measure of a major arc – the
difference between 360° and
the measure of its associated
minor arc.
Arc Addition Postulate

 The measure of an arc formed by two

adjacent arcs is the sum of the measures
of the two arcs. A

mABC = mAB + mBC

B
Definition

 Congruent arcs – two arcs of the

same circle or of congruent circles
that have the same measure
Arcs and Chords Theorem

 In the same circle, or in congruent circles,

two minor arcs are congruent if and only if A
their corresponding chords are congruent.

B
AB  BC if and only if AB  BC
C
Perpendicular Diameter
Theorem
 If a diameter of a circle is perpendicular to
a chord, then the diameter bisects the
chord and its arc.

DE  EF, DG  FG
E
G
D
Perpendicular Diameter
Converse
 If one chord is a perpendicular bisector of
another chord, then the first chord is a
diameter. J
M

JK is a diameter of the circle.

Congruent Chords
Theorem
 In the same circle, or in congruent circles,
two chords are congruent if and only ifC
they are equidistant from the center.
G

AB  CD if and only if EF EG. E D

B
F
A
 Right Triangles
Pythagorean Theorem
Radius is perpendicular to the
tangent.  < E is a right angle
C
43
E
45
11

D
Example 3

C
Tell whether CE is tangent to D. 43
E
Use the converse of the Pythagorean 45
Theorem to see if the triangle is right. 11

D
11 + 43 ? 45
2 2 2

121 + 1849 ? 2025

1970  2025

CED is not right, so CE is not tangent to D.

Congruent Tangent Segments
Theorem

 If two segments from the same

exterior point are tangent to a circle,
then they are congruent.
R

P
S
T

If SR and ST are tangent to P, then SR  ST.

Example 4

AB is tangent to C at B. D
AD is tangent to C at D. x2 + 2

Find the value of x. C A

11
AD = AB
B
x2 + 2 = 11

x2 = 9

x = 3
Example 1

 Find the measure of each arc.

a. LM 70°
N 70
L
P
b. MNL 360° - 70° = 290°

c. LMN 180° M
Example 2
 Find the measures of the red arcs. Are the arcs congruent?
A
C

41

41
D

mAC = mDE = 41 E

Since the arcs are in the same circle, they are congruent!
Example 3
 Find the measures of the red arcs. Are the arcs congruent?
A
D

81

E
C
mDE = mAC = 81
However, since the arcs are not of the same circle or
congruent circles, they are NOT congruent!
Example 4

B
Find mBC.
(3x + 11) (2x + 48)

3x + 11 = 2x + 48
A
x = 37

D C
mBC = 2(37) + 48

mBC = 122
Definitions

 Inscribed angle – an angle whose

vertex is on a circle and whose sides
contain chords of the circle
 Intercepted arc – the arc that lies in
the interior of an inscribed angle and
has endpoints on the angle intercepted arc

inscribed angle
Measure of an Inscribed Angle
Theorem

 If an angle is inscribed in a circle,

then its measure is half the measure
of its intercepted arc. A

1 C
mADB = mAB D
2 B
Example 1
 Find the measure of the blue arc or angle.

E
a. S R b.
80
F
Q G
T

1
mQTS = 2(90 ) = 180 mEFG = (80 ) = 40
2
 Congruent Inscribed Angles Theorem

 If two inscribed angles of a circle intercept the

same arc, then the angles are congruent.

B
C
D
C  D
Example 2

It is given that mE = 75 . What is mF?

Since E and F both intercept D

the same arc, we know that the
angles must be congruent.
E
mF = 75
F
H
Definitions

 Inscribed polygon – a polygon whose

vertices all lie on a circle.
 Circumscribed circle – A circle with an
inscribed polygon.

The polygon is an inscribed polygon and

the circle is a circumscribed circle.
Inscribed Right Triangle
Theorem
 If a right triangle is inscribed in a circle,
then the hypotenuse is a diameter of the
circle. Conversely, if one side of an
inscribed triangle is a diameter of the
circle, then the triangle is a right triangle
A
and the angle opposite the diameter is
the right angle.
B is a right angle if and only if AC
is a diameter of the circle. B
C
Inscribed Quadrilateral
Theorem
 A quadrilateral can be inscribed in a
circle if and only if its opposite angles
are supplementary. E
F
C

D
G

D, E, F, and G lie on some circle, C if and only if

mD + mF = 180 and mE + mG = 180 .
Example 3
 Find the value of each variable.

D
a. b.
B z
G y 120 E
Q

A 80
2x
F
C
mD + mF = 180 mG + mE = 180
2x = 90
z + 80 = 180 y + 120 = 180
x = 45
z = 100 y = 60
Tangent-Chord Theorem

 If a tangent and a chord intersect at a

point on a circle, then the measure of
each angle formed is one half the
B
measure of its intercepted arc.
1
m1 = mAB C
2

1 1
m2 = mBCA 2
2 A
Example 1

Line m is tangent to the circle. Find mRST m

R
102

mRST = 2(102 )
S
mRST = 204

T
 Try This!

Line m is tangent to the circle. Find m1

1
m1 = (150 )
2 R
1
m1 = 75 m

150
T
 Example 2

BC is tangent to the circle. Find mCBD. C

A
(9x+20)

5x B
2(5x) = 9x + 20

10x = 9x + 20

x = 20
D
mCBD = 5(20 )
mCBD = 100
Interior Intersection
Theorem
 If two chords intersect in the interior
of a circle, then the measure of each
angle is one half the sum of the
measures of the arcs intercepted by
the angle 1 and its vertical angle. D

m 1 = (mCD + mAB) A
2
1
2
1
m2 = (mAD + mBC) C
2 B
Exterior Intersection
Theorem
 If a tangent and a secant, two tangents, or two
secants intersect in the exterior of a circle, then
the measure of the angle formed is one half the
difference of the measures of the intercepted
arcs.
Diagrams for Exterior
Intersection Theorem
B
A P
1
2
Q
C R
1
1 m2 = (mPQR - mPR)
m1 = (mBC - mAC) X 2
2
W
3
Z Y
1
m3 = (mXY - mWZ)
2
Example 3
P
 Find the value of x. 106
Q
1
x = (mPS + mRQ)
2 x
1 S
x = (106 +174 )
2 174 R
1
x= (280)
2

x = 140
Try This!

 Find the value of x. T

40

1 S
x = (mST + mRU) x
2
U
1
x = (40 +120 )
2
R 120
1
x= (160)
2

x = 80
Example 4

 Find the value of x.

1
72 = (200 - x ) 200
2

144 = 200 - x
x 72

x = 56
Example 5

 Find the value of x.

A
mABC = 360 - 92 B

mABC = 268 92 x

1
x= (268 - 92) C
2
1
x = (176)
2

x = 88
Chord Product Theorem

 If two chords intersect in the interior

of a circle, then the product of the
lengths of the segments of one chord
C
is equal to the product of the lengths B
of the segments of the other chord.

EA EB = EC ED E

D
A
Example 1

 Find the value of x.

B
3
3(6) = 9x C
x
E
9
18 = 9x A 6

x=2
D
Try This!

 Find the value of x.

B C
x 9
9(12) = 18x E
12
108 = 18x A 18

x=6
D
Secant-Secant Theorem

 If two secant segments share the same

endpoint outside a circle, then the
product of the length of one secant
segment and the length of its external
segment equals the product of the B
length of the other secant segment and
the length of its external segment.
EA EB = EC ED A
D
E C
Secant-Tangent Theorem

 If a secant segment and a tangent

segment share an endpoint outside a
circle, then the product of the length of
the secant segment and the length of its
external segment equals the square of
A
the length of the tangent segment.

(EA)2 = EC ED E
C
D
Example 2

 Find the value of x.

N
11
LM LN = LO LP
M
9(20) = 10(10+x) 9

180 = 100 + 10x L

10
80 = 10x
O x
x=8
P
Try This!

D
 Find the value of x. 11
E
10
DE DF = DG DH 12
F
11(21) = 12(12 + x)
G
x
231 = 144 + 12x

87 = 12x H
x = 7.25
Example 3

 Find the value of x.

C 24
B
CB2 = CD(CA) 12

242 = 12(12 + x) D

576 = 144 + 12x x

432 = 12x
A
x = 36
Try This!

 Find the value of x.

WX2 = XY(XZ) W

102 = 5(5 + 3x) 10

100 = 25 + 15x
X 5 Y 3x Z
75 = 15x

x=5
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