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    Soaps & Detergents

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    Soaps & Detergents

    Uploaded by

    ahfarhan06
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    1 views15 pages

    Soaps & Detergents

    Uploaded by

    ahfarhan06

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Chemical Process Technology II

    Soaps and Detergents

    By: Mahmood Nabi Abbasi


    Surfactants

    Water, the liquid commonly used for cleaning, has a


    property called surface tension

    In the water, each molecule is surrounded and attracted by


    other water molecules

    However, at the surface, those molecules are surrounded by


    other water molecules only on the water side
    Surfactants
    A tension is created as the water molecules at the surface are
    pulled into the body of the water.

    This tension causes water to bead up on surfaces (glass,


    fabric), which slows wetting of the surface and inhibits the
    cleaning process.
    Surface tension in water
    Surface tension
    molecules

    In the cleaning process, surface tension must be reduced so water


    can spread and wet surfaces.

    Chemicals that are able to do this effectively are called surface


    active agents, or surfactants
    Soaps and detergents are TYPES of SURFACTANTS

    Functions of Surfactants in Cleaning

    1. Loosening, emulsifying (dispersing in water)

    2. holding soil in suspension until it can be rinsed away

    3. Surfactants provide alkalinity, which is useful in removing


    acidic soils

    4. Dissolving oil
    Classification of Surfactants
    Classified according to their ionic (electrical charge) properties in
    water

    1. Cationic (positive charge)

    2. Anionic (negative charge)

    3. Nonionic (no charge)

    4. Amphoteric (either positive or negative charge)

    In 2014, the world market for surfactants reached a volume


    of more than 33 billion US-dollars
    Names of a few Surfactants used in soaps and detergents
    Anionic ---- (used mostly)

    Alkylbenzene Sulfonates
    Alcohol ethoxy Sulfates
    Alcohol Sulfates
    Sodium dodecyl sulfate (sodium lauryl sulfate)

    Nonionic
    Alcohol Ethoxylates
    Alcohol Phenol ethoxylates
    Amines, amine oxides
    Lauryl dimethyl amine oxide
    Soaps

    Soap is an anionic surfactant

    Soaps are made from fats and oils,

    by treating them chemically with a strong alkali

    SO ……..
    Soaps are water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of
    fatty acids
    Saponification

    BASE
    FATS (Alkali)
    SOAP

    Fatty Acids + NaOH Crude Soap + Glycerol


    Hard Soap
    When the alkali is sodium hydroxide, a sodium soap is
    formed. Sodium soaps are "hard" soaps.
    Fatty Acids + NaOH Crude Soap + Glycerol

    Soft Soap

    When the alkali is potassium hydroxide, a potassium soap is


    formed. Potassium soaps are softer and are found in some
    liquid hand soaps

    Fatty Acids + KOH Crude Soap + Glycerol


    Detergents
    Detergent differ from soaps because of their action in HARD
    WATER
    Soaps are insoluble in hard water

    Soaps form insoluble compounds with calcium and


    magnesium ions present in hard water

    These insoluble compounds precipitate out and reduce


    foaming and cleaning action
    Detergents
    Detergents react with hard water ions

    How the Detergents work.. !!!


    Soil removal
    - Wetting the soil particles
    - Emulsifying
    - Dispersing
    - Precipitation
    Detergents
    Detergents particles form aggregates

    Aggregates are small spherical clusters which are called micelles

    The hydrocarbon part of the surfactant molecule on the inside of


    the micelles and polar groups are on the outside

    The inside part of molecule hold


    grease or oil and outside part of
    detergent molecule is attached
    to water
    Detergents
    Detergents and soaps have water attracting (hydrophilic) group on
    one end of the molecule and water-hating (hydrophobic) group on
    the other end

    This hydrophilic and hydrophobic property is


    used in soil particles removal
    Biodegradabalility
    Detergents and soaps wastage go to sewerage

    Some of the surfactants in soaps and detergents are not easy


    decomposable

    The ability or ease of surfactant to be decomposed by


    microorganisms is called biodegradability

    Biosurfactants are surface-active substances synthesized by living cells.


    Interest in microbial surfactants has been steadily increasing in recent
    years due to their diversity, environmentally friendly nature,
    possibility of large-scale production, selectivity

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