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Lecture #5 (Data and Signals)

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9 views

Lecture #5 (Data and Signals)

CCN

Uploaded by

chaudarysaad6009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Data and Signals

3.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3-3 DIGITAL SIGNALS
In addition to being represented by an analog signal,
information can also be represented by a digital signal.
For example, a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage
and a 0 as zero voltage. A digital signal can have more
than two levels. In this case, we can send more than 1 bit
for each level.

Topics discussed in this section:


 Bit Rate
 Bit Length
 Digital Signal as a Composite Analog Signal
 Application Layer
3.2
Figure 3.16 Two digital signals: one with two signal levels and the other
with four signal levels

3.3
Example 3.16

A digital signal has eight levels. How many bits are


needed per level? We calculate the number of bits from
the formula

Each signal level is represented by 3 bits.

3.4
Example 3.17

A digital signal has nine levels. How many bits are


needed per level? We calculate the number of bits by
using the formula. Each signal level is represented by
3.17 bits. However, this answer is not realistic. The
number of bits sent per level needs to be an integer as
well as a power of 2. For this example, 4 bits can
represent one level.

3.5
Example 3.18

Assume we need to download text documents at the rate


of 100 pages per sec. What is the required bit rate of the
channel?
Solution
A page is an average of 24 lines with 80 characters in
each line. If we assume that one character requires 8
bits (ascii), the bit rate is

3.6
Example 3.19

A digitized voice channel, as we will see in Chapter 4, is


made by digitizing a 4-kHz bandwidth analog voice
signal. We need to sample the signal at twice the highest
frequency (two samples per hertz). We assume that each
sample requires 8 bits. What is the required bit rate?

Solution
The bit rate can be calculated as

3.7
Example 3.20

What is the bit rate for high-definition TV (HDTV)?

Solution
HDTV uses digital signals to broadcast high quality
video signals. The HDTV screen is normally a ratio of
16 : 9. There are 1920 by 1080 pixels per screen, and the
screen is renewed 30 times per second. Twenty-four bits
represents one color pixel.

The TV stations reduce this rate to 20 to 40 Mbps


through compression.
3.8
Figure 3.17 The time and frequency domains of periodic and nonperiodic
digital signals

3.9
Figure 3.18 Baseband transmission

3.10

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