MODULE 5

THE PROCESS OF REPRODUCTION

BSTM-3A
7:00-8:30

Lesson objectives:
When you finish reading this
chapter. You should be able to:
1. To define fertilization, conception and pregnancy;
2. Explain how pregnancy occurs and its prevention; and
3. Identify the complications of early pregnancy in the growing
adolescent.
Definition of Terms:

• Ovulation – the process when a mature

ovum is released form the ovary and travels
to the fallopian tube for possible fertilization.
• Fertilization – union of the sperm and
ovum.
• Pregnancy – the process when an offspring
develops within the mother’s womb.
Female puberty usually beings at
about 8-13 years of age
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 How does one ovulate?

The major landmark of puberty among females is

the onset of the menstrual cycle. The monthly
ovulation cycle that leads to menstruation in the
absence of pregnancy.

The menstrual cycle is from the first day of a

period until the day before the next period starts.
 How does one ovulate?

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 Chart for contraception

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Chart for contraception

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 Benefits
Type of How it Works Effectiveness Benefits Instruction for Other than
Contraceptive use Contracep
Method tion
Birth control Pill Alters natural Theoretically 99- Low cost, easily Taken daily after None
contains synthetic ovulation cycle 100 available and menstrual cycle
Oestrogen percent, but controlled by the begins
women have women
conceived on
the “pill”
Birth control Not known Given by the None
injection: given in doctor
the first days of the
menstruation and
then every 2-3
months
Withdrawal: removal Prevents the Theoretically, 85 No cost under Dependent on None
of the penis from the semen from percent but the control of the the man
man and
vagina before going into the in reality about 70 the woman
ejaculation vagina percent involved
Intrauterine device Inserted inside the Theoretically 95- Long-lasting and Inserted by the None
(IUD) uterus by a doctor 98 percent relatively doctor in the first
inexpensive few days of
menstruation;
should be
examined every
few months
 Health effects of early pregnancy
in the growing adolescent

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manifestations:
1. Excessive vomiting;
2. Severe anemia;
3. Hypertension;
4. Convulsion;
5. Difficulty in breast feeding (if the girl
is too young to produce milk)
6. Premature and low birth weight
babies;
7. Infection; prolonged labor; and
8. High material mortality or death.
• The risk of having serious complications during
pregnancy or childbirth is much higher for girls in
their early teens than for older women. Ages of 20-
30 years are the safest period of women’s life for
child bearing.
• The major difference between girls in their early
teens and older women is that girls aged 12-16
years are still growing.
• The pelvis, or the bony birth canal, of a girl can
grow wider by a s much as 20% between the time
she begins menstruating and the time she is 16
years old. This widening of the pelvis can make the
crucial difference between a safe delivery and
obstructed labor.