KỸ THUẬT VÀ THIẾT BỊ PHẢN

ỨNG
ENGINEERING AND REACTION
EQUIPMENT

GV: TS. Đặng Nguyên Thoại

Chemical Engineering. What should a
chemical engineer be proud of?
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GIỚI THIỆU MÔN HỌC

QT và TB
Truyền nhiệt

QT và TB Truyền khối
Kỹ thuật và thiết bị phản ứng

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The first step to knowledge is
to know that we are ignorant.
Socrates (470-399 B.C.)

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 PHẦN I: KỸ THUẬT PHẢN ỨNG

Nội dung
1. Chapter 1: Mole Balances
2. Chapter 2: Conversion and Reactor Sizing
3. Chapter 3: Rate Laws and Stoichiometry
4. Chapter 4: Isothermal Reactor Design

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I. Mole Balances

Objective
• 1. Define the rate of chemical reaction.
• 2. Apply the mole balance equations to a batch reactor,
CSTR, PFR, and PBR.
• 3. Describe two industrial reaction engineering systems.
• 4. Describe photos of real reactors.

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Topics

Chemical Identity
Reaction Rate
General Mole Balance Equation
Mole Balance on Different Reactor Types

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Chemical Identity

A chemical species is said to have reacted when

it has lost its chemical identity.
The identity of a chemical species determined by
kind, number, and configuration of that species'
atoms.
Three ways a chemical species can lose its
chemical identity:

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The ways to lose chemical identity
• Decomposition

• Combination

• Isomerization

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2. Reaction Rate

The reaction rate is the rate at which a species

looses its chemical identity per unit volume.
 The reaction rate can be expressed as:
- the rate of disappearance of a reactant or
- the rate of appearance of a product.

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2. Reaction Rate
AB

rA = rate of formation of species A per unit volume

-rA = rate of a disappearance of species A per unit
volume
rB = rate of formation of species B per unit volume
-rA‘= rate of disappearance of species A per mass of
catalyst basis.

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Example: AB

• If B is being created at a rate of 0.2 moles per

decimeter cubed per second
• rate of formation of B is: rB = 0.2 mole/dm3/s
• A is disappearing at the same rate: -rA = 0.2
mole/dm3/s
• the rate of formation of A: rA = -0.2
mole/dm3/s

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Note: dCA/dt is not the rate of reaction?

rA = dCA/dt

-well mixed reaction vessel

-continuously withdraw from tank at a rate equal to total feed rate
-reaction is taking place may be considered to be perfectly mixed
-system is operated at steady state

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Note: dCA/dt is not the rate of reaction?

• if withdraw liquid samples

at some location in the tank
at various times
and analyze them chemically,
• find that concentrations of the individual
species in the different samples were
identical.

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Examples of Other Rate Laws

The equation for -rA is an algebraic equation:

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Consider species j:

• rj is rate of formation of species j per unit volume

[e.g. mol/dm3.s]
• rj is a function of concentration, temperature,
pressure, and type of catalyst (if any)
• rj is independent of the type of reaction system
(batch, plug flow, etc.)
• rj is an algebraic equation, not a differential
equation (-rA = k(T)CA2)

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Test: The Convention for Rates of Reaction

Consider the reaction A+2B3C

in which the rate of disappearance of A is 5 moles
of A per dm3 per second at the start of the reaction.
At the start of the reaction
(a) What is -rA?
(b) What is the rate of formation of B?
(c) What is the rate of formation of C?
(d) What is the rate of disappearance of C?
(e) What is the rate of formation of A, rA?
(f) What is -rB?

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Summary

• For reactants
- rate of disappearance is a positive (+) number
- rate of formation is a negative (-) number
because they are not being formed.

• For products
- rate of formation is a positive (+) number
- rate of disappearance is a (-) negative
number because they are not disappearing.

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3. General Mole Balance Equation
FA0= Entering molar flow rate of
A (mol/time)

FA= Exiting molar flow rate of A

(mol/time)

GA= Rate of generation

(formation) of A (mol/time)

V = Volume (vol e.g. m3)

rA= rate of generation (formation)

of A (mole/time•vol)

NA= number of moles of A inside

the system Volume V (mols)

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 Chapter 1 Self Test
What You Have Learned?
1. The rate law
(a) is a differential equation T F
(b) relates reaction rate and concentration of reacting species T F
(c) is only valid in the U.S. T F
(d) is a function of temperature; T F
2. The rate of formation of species A is per unit volume is
(a) rA T F
(b) -rA T F
(c) rate of generation of species A per unit volume T F
(d) r'A T F
(e) none of the above T F

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Chapter 1 Self Test
3. AB
at a particular time t, rate of formation of B in the
reaction, rB, is 10 mole/dm3.min.

Which of the following are true?

(a) rate of disappearance of B is -10 mole/dm3.min.
(b) rate of formation of A is -10 mole/dm3.min.
(c) rate of disappearance of A is 10 mole/dm3.min.
(d) rA = -10 mole/dm3.min.
(e)-rA = 10 mole/dm3.min.
(f) -rB = -10 mole/dm3.min.
(g) Some of the above
(h) All of the above

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Batch reactor

- Tank or a pipe or
tubular reactor

- Batch reactor consists of a

tank with an agitator and
integral heating/cooling
system

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CSTR (Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor)

• Tank reactor equipped with impeller while

effluent is removed.
• Continuous
• Assume: perfect or ideal mixing
• Constant density (valid for most liquids; valid for
gases only if there is no net change in the
number of moles)
• Isothermal conditions, (k is constant)
• Steady State

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CSTR (Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor)

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PFR (Plug Flow Reactor)

• Uniform composition
• Traveling in the axial direction of reactor, with
each plug having a different composition from the
ones before and after it.
• Key assumption  plug flows through a PFR, the
fluid is perfect mixed in the radial direction but
not in axial direction (forwards or backwards)

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PFR (Plug Flow Reactor)

• Constant density (valid for most liquids;

valid for gases only if there is no net change
in the number of moles)
• Continuous,
flowing systems
• Steady State
• Single reaction

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PFR (Plug Flow Reactor)

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PBR (Packed-Bed Reactor)

• A hollow tube, or pipe,  filled with packing

material (solid catalyst particles)
• advantage of using a packed bed reactor is
higher conversion per weight of catalyst than
other catalytic reactors
• Reaction rate is based on amount of solid
catalyst rather than volume of reactor

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PBR (Packed-Bed Reactor)

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4. Mole Balance on Different Reactor

Batch Derivation

Assumptions?

General Mole Balance on System Volume V

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4. Mole Balance on Different Reactor

CSTR Derivation

Assumptions?

General Mole Balance on System Volume V

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4. Mole Balance on Different Reactor

PFR Derivation

Assumptions?

General Mole Balance on System Volume V

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4. Mole Balance on Different Reactor

PBR Derivation

Assumptions?

General Mole Balance on System Volume V

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Chapter 1 Example-1

Batch Reactor Times:

• For a reaction: A  B + C. The liquid-phase reaction
is carried out in a constant-volume batch reactor.
• Calculate the time to reduce the number of moles by a
factor of 10 ( NA = NAo/10) in a batch reactor for the
above reaction with
• -rA = kCA, when k = 0.046 min-1

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Chapter 1 Example-2

• The irreversible liquid phase second order reaction

is carried out in a CSTR. The entering concentration

of A, CA0, is 2 molar (2 mol/dm3)and the exit
concentration of A, CA is 0.1 molar (0.1 mol/dm3). The
entering and exiting volumetric flow rate, v o, is
constant at 3 dm3/s. What is the corresponding reactor
volume?

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How to solve problem?

1. Draw diagram
2. Mole Balance
3. Rate Law
4. Combine

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How to solve problem?

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 More Exercise

P1-15. AB is isothermally in continuous-flow reactor.

Calculate CSTR and PFR reactor volumes as to consume
99% of A (CA = 0.01 CA0) FA0 = 5 mol/h,  =o = 10 dm3/h
a. –rA = k, k=0.05 mol/(h.dm3)
b. –rA = kCA, k=0.0001 s-1
c. –rA = kCA2, k=3 dm3/(mol.h)
d. Repeat (a), (b) and (c) to calculate the time necessary to
consume 99.9% of species A in a 1000 dm3 constant
batch reactor with CAo = 0.5 mol/dm3

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Overview about popular Reactors

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Overview about popular Reactors

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Overview about popular Reactors

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Overview about popular Reactors

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Overview about popular Reactors

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Overview about popular Reactors

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Overview about popular Reactors

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Overview about popular Reactors

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Overview about popular Reactors

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Overview about popular Reactors

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Overview about popular Reactors

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Overview about popular Reactors

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Overview about popular Reactors

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