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17 views19 pages

Presentation 2

Uploaded by

sangguniangkabataan.zone2
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LOGIC AND

THINKING
- Thinking as a mental process, most of
the time; is associated with some
mental processes like memorizing,
simple recall and the like
- Generally speaking, logic is that
branch of knowledge which reflects
upon the nature of thinking itself. But
this may confuse logic with other
branches of knowledge which also
have the nature of thinking as a part
of their specific object of investigation.
- Logic doesn’t deal with thinking in
general. It deals with correct thinking.
According to Corazon Cruz (1995), there are two
criteria for a mental process to be considered
thinking:

a- When the objective is truth. examples: analysis,


definition and classification

b- When the truth we have becomes the nucleus of


further knowledge. examples: criticisms (as of
books, movies and people), comparison and
contrast, synthesis, generalization and the like
Thinking is the process of drawing out conclusion or reasoning that
follows the right procedure.

We also call it reasoning or inference.

CORRECT THINKING is a process of thinking or reasoning that follows


the right procedure.

Logic does not investigate the truth as the certainty of the data but
rather focuses on the correct operation of thinking

TRUE KNOWLEDGE deals with knowledge which conforms to reality.


NATURAL LOGIC AND
SCIENTIFIC LOGIC
NATURAL LOGIC
- We all have an internal sense of what is
logical and what is not; which we generally
refer to a COMMON SENSE.
- This natural logic we have learned from the
moment of birth, through our personal
experiences in the world and through our
acquisition of language.
SCIENTIFIC LOGIC
- simply our natural logic trained and
developed to expertness by means of well-
established knowledge of the principles, laws
and methods which underlie the various
operations of the mind in the pursuit of and
attainment of truth.
THE STRUCTURE OF
LOGIC: THE ACTS OF
-MIND
Our mind is always active. It
never rests.
- We define Logic as the
systematic study of the order
to be observed in judging,
reasoning and other processes
of thought in order to arrive at
the knowledge of truth.
- This definition shows us the
material cause of the logical
order or divisions of logic
SIMPLE APPREHENSION:
- Etymologically, to apprehend (Latin: prehendere) means to
seize or take hold of something mentally. Based on this root
meaning, apprehension is a mental act of grasping on idea or
concept that represents the essence, substance or nature of a
concrete thing or reality.
- It simply sees or understands something of its meaning but
not comprehensively, or not at all its relationships or
implications.
- This process begins when the intellect ignores or extracts the
accidental differential qualities of a thing. It focuses on the
characteristics essential and common to all numbers of a
class or groups.
Example:

‘MAN” and ‘MORTAL’


All men are mortal.
JUDGMENT OR ENUNCIATION:
- this is the second act of logic.
- may be otherwise called pronouncement,
declaration, rendition.
- This presupposed that the mind has already
formed an idea by example apprehension.
- The mind now compares this idea with another
idea, then it pronounces or renders judgment
whether one idea agrees or disagrees with the
other.
Judgment may be affirmative or negative.

Judgment is affirmative when two sides agree or


when the comprehension of the subject idea
contains all the essential notes of the predicate
idea.

Judgment as negative when two ideas disagree or


when the subject idea does not have all the
essential notes or the predicate idea and vice versa.
Proposition is the external manifestation of
the mental enunciation or pronouncement. It
is a declaration sentence which exposes a
relation of affirmation or denial between two
terms. It is the sensible expression of
judgment.

Example: Socrates is a man.


Socrates – subject term
Man – predicate term
Example:

‘MAN” and ‘MORTAL’


All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Proposition is similar or synonymous to
statement. Both affirm or deny and are
intimately related to truth or falsify.

Proposition and definition are not the same.

Proposition - is a statement in which something


is either affirming or denied,
Definition - s a statement that gives meaning of
a term.
Example:
Cruz is a logic professor.

Logic is the science and art of correct


reasoning.

Proposition is classified into:


1. Categorical
2. Hypothetical
3. Modal
REASONING
- the third set of logic or mental operation
- Reasoning is a mental process whereby we pass from what we
know (known) to what we do not know (unknown).
- It can be characterized as any sequence is statements in which
are statements makes a claim that something is true or false,
good or bad, right or wrong and desirable and undesirable, on
the basis of the evidence of another statements.
- The reasoning process is, otherwise called inference, which is
simply the process of drawing a consequent (conclusion) from
an antecedent or a combination of antecedent (premises).
REASONING
- The mental product of reasoning or inferential thinking is
the argument. An argument is a set of these judgments,
namely: the major premise, minor premise and the
conclusion.
- The external expression of the argument is referred to as
SYLLOGISM. Syllogism comes from the Greek word ‘ syn
logos’ which means ‘to think in a connected manner or
connected thought. It is understood as a logical
expression in which one proposition is expressly inferred
from other two propositions.
Example:

‘MAN” and ‘MORTAL’


All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is a
mortal.
REASONING
- Syllogisms may take the form of:
- a- Categorical Form
All men are rational.
But Christian is a man.
Therefore, Christian is rational.

b- Hypothetical Form
If it rains, then the ground is wet.
But it is raining.
Therefore, the ground is wet.
CONCLUSION
The concepts we have discussed so far are the three essential mental operations or
the three acts of the wind namely the apprehension, judgment and reasoning.

They are the building blocks of logic and they facilitate one’s ability to distinguish
good reasoning from bad reasoning and eventually come up with sound decision
making.

Logic is indeed the science of those principles, laws and method which the mind of
man in its thinking must follow for the accurate and secure attainment of truth.

Deliberately carefully, of course, is not enough. We need to be able to distinguish


between reasons that are supported by evidence, and those which are not.

In short, we need to be able to know if there are good, compelling reasons to choose
one option over another in situation where so much is at stake

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