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Quarter 2. Pr2 Lessons 4-5

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21 views33 pages

Quarter 2. Pr2 Lessons 4-5

Uploaded by

Karine H. Lansang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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QUARTER

2
Lesson 4:

DATA
COLLECTION
INSTRUMENTS
Learning Competencies:
Collect data using appropriate
instruments (CS_RS12-IId-g-1)
At the end of the lesson, you are
expected to:
• choose appropriate research
instruments
• Differentiate qualitative and
quantitative interviews
COLLECTING DATA is the first step you
need to perform before you proceed in
writing your date analysis and
interpretation. Data Collection involves
obtaining relevant information regarding
the specific research questions or
objectives. This can be done by utilizing
research instruments that are either
developed or adopted.
In collecting the data, the researcher must
decide on the following questions:
(1) Which data to collect?
(2) How to collect the data?
(3) Who will collect the data?
(4) When to collect the data? (Barrot, 2018, p 13
Quantitative research
instruments comprise
questionnaires,
interviews,
tests, and
observation.
On the other hand, data collect-
ion approaches for qualitative
research usually involve:
(a) direct interaction with
individuals on a one to one basis,
(b) and or direct interaction with
individuals in a group setting.
When developing and utilizing a
research instrument, the follow-
ing steps are to be considered:
1. Be clear with your research
question.
2. 2. Plan how you will conduct
the data collection.
3. Use appropriate research
instruments.
4. Collect, tabulate, tally, and
analyze the data.
5. Verify the validity and
reliability of the collected data.
6. Present your findings.
QUESTIONNAIRE
A questionnaire consists of a series of
questions about a research topic to gather
data from the participants. It consists of
indicators that is aligned to the research
questions. Gathering of information can be
carried out in the following methods: face to
face, by telephone, or through e-mail,
messenger, social media post, or using
computer programs or forms (Barrot, 2018, p 138).
In quantitative research,
questionnaires use the following
approaches:
(1)scale (usually Likert scale); and
(2) conversion of responses into
numerical values, e.g. strongly as 5,
agree as 4, neutral as 3, disagree as
2, and strongly disagree as 1.
Questionnaires can be
structured, semi-structured,
or unstructured. There are
three structures of making
a questionnaire.
Structured questionnaires employ
closed-ended questions.
Unstructured questionnaires use open-
ended questions in which the research
participants can freely answer and put
his thoughts into it.
Semi-structured questionnaires are
combinations of both the structured and
unstructured ones.
Structured type is commonly
used in quantitative studies
because it is easier to code,
interpret objectively, and,
most of all, easier to
standardize.
Advantages of Using Questionnaire

1. Data can be quickly gathered from


a big number of participants
2. The participants are encouraged
to be open to the researchers since
their identity can be made
anonymous.
Disadvantages of Using Questionnaire
1. The questions can be interpreted differently
by the participants.
2. Some participants will not be able to com-
plete the required responses.
3. Some questionnaires will not be returned on
time.
4. Some questionnaires will be lost.
5. The answers from participants may lack
depth.
TESTS
Tests are used for assessing various
skills and types of behavior as well
as for describing some characteris-
tics.
There are two types of test used in
quantitative research: Standardized
test and Non-standardized test.
Standardized test is scored
uniformly across different areas
and groups. It is usually adminis-
tered by institutions to assess a
wide range of groups such as stu-
dents and test-takers. It is consi-
dered as more reliable and valid.
Examples are
Achievement test,
University Entrance Exam,
Personality Tests, and the
likes.
Non-standardized test
may not be scored uni-
formly. It is adminis-
tered to a certain set of
people.
Types of Test
Questions
1. Recall Questions.
It requires participants to
retrieve information from
memory (e.g fill in-the
blank test, identification
test, enumeration test, etc.)
2. Recognition Questions.
It provides respondents to
select from given choices the
best or correct choice (e.g
multiple-choice test, true or
false test, yes or no test, etc.)
3. Open-ended Questions.
It allows the respondents more
freedom in their res-ponses,
expressing their thoughts and
insights (e.g. essay writing
tests and other performance-
based tests.
A quantitative interview is a
method of collecting data a-
bout an individual's behaviors,
opinions, values, emotions, and
demographic characteristics
using numerical data.
Quantitative Interviews
-It uses closed-ended
questions.
-It contains a rating scale or
rubric.
-Responses are numerical.
-A large sample size is used.
Structured type is used to mini-
mize "interviewer effect", which
means that the responses of the
participants may be affected by
the behavior displayed by the
researcher on the manner that
the questions are presented.
Qualitative Interviews

-It uses open-ended questions.


-No rating scale or rubric needed.
-Responses are non-numerical.
-Small sample size is used.
Unstructured, semi-
structured, informal
interviews, and focus group
discussions (FGD)are used.
The questionnaire and
quantitative interview are
both highly structured, but
here's a distinction
between the two:
Quantitative Interviews
-Items are read to the participants.
-Researchers may ask follow-up
questions.
-Useful when the target participants
can’t answer a printed or encoded
questionnaire (blind or
uneducated).
Questionnaires
-Participants answer on their
own.
-Researchers may not ask follow-
up questions.
-Not applicable for blind and
uneducated (no read, no write)
participants.
Questionnaires
-Participants answer on their
own.
-Researchers may not ask follow-
up questions.
-Not applicable for blind and
uneducated (no read, no write)
participants.

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