3rd Week

Group, Community, Society
3rd Week
Group
Ogburn & Nimkoff: Whenever two or more individuals come
together and influence one another, they may be said to constitute a
social group.
John. J. MACIONIS: A social group consists two or more people
who identify with and interact with one another.
Elements of Group
• Two persons
• Reciprocal relationship
• Common goal
Characteristics of Social Group
Collection of individuals
Interaction among members
Mutual Awareness
We feeling
Group unity and solidarity
Common interests
Similar behavior
Size of the Group
Influence on Personality
Community
MacIver and Page; “Member of any group either large or small live
together to share common interest”.
Bogardus; “A community is a social group with some degree of “we”
feeling and living in a given area”.
Elements of Community
• Group of People
• Territory
• Common Culture
• Common Gaols
Types of Community
• There are two types of communities;
1. Rural Community
Rural community is a geographic area that is located outside towns
and cities. rural areas have a low population density and small
settlements. Agriculture is the main identity and element. Basic urban
facilities like school, hospital, market, municipal office, police station
etc. are usually missing in this community.
Characteristics of Rural Community
The village communities are smaller in size.

The density of population is low.
People have informal and face to face interaction with each
other.
Rural communities are Agrarian in Nature.
The rural people are in close contact with natural
environment.
Conti ……
The village communities are homogenous in nature.
The rural society is divided into various strata on the basis
of caste.
Mobility is rigid as all the occupations are based on caste.
Social solidarity is greater in villages as compared to urban
areas.
Rural society is based on the Extended family system.
Conti …..
2. Urban Community
An area with high density of population, availability of basic
requirements, good resources, lots of opportunity of employment and
such an area which can be considered as life-giving for luxurious
desires of human.
Characteristic of Urban Community
The size of the urban community is much larger than the rural
community.
Urban area is high density of population.
Urban population is heterogeneous.
Anonymity is a loss of identity and sense of belongingness.
Urban life is dynamic and social relations are temporary.
There is a high rate of geographical as well as social mobility in
urban areas.
Conti…..
Nuclear families are more popular in urban areas.
In urban community (Exogamy), love marriages and inter-caste
marriages is very common
Major occupations are industrial, administrative and professional
in nature.
Divisions of labor and occupational specialization are very much
common in towns / cities/metropolises.
The city is always in hurry. The life (work and entertainment) in the
urban community becomes ‘clock regulated’.
Differences between Rural and Urban Community
Rural Community Urban Community

Small in size Large in size
Low density of population High density of population
Urban population is homogeneous Urban population is heterogeneous
sense of belongingness Anonymity
Rigid in social mobility high rate of social mobility
Personal relationship Impersonal relationship
Extended family system Nuclear family system
Agrarian in nature Industrial and administrative in nature
Face to face interaction Formal interaction
Stratification based on caste Stratification based on economic resource’s and
education standard
Society
Ian Robertson
“A society is a group of interacting individuals sharing the same territory
and participating in a culture.”
Elements of society
 Society is Composed of Social Groups
 Social Institutions are main organs of society
 Society is Permanent in nature
 Society has it’s own Culture
 Society Fulfil the needs of Human
Types of Society
1.Hunting and Gathering Society

2.Pastoral Society
3.Horticulture Society
4.Agrarian Society
5.Industrial Societies
6.Postindustrial/ Informational Societies
Hunting and Gathering Society
They use simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food.
 They have a just few dozen members based on kinship and tribes.
They must be Nomadic.
 These societies, depend on the family to obtain and distribute food.
 They protect its members, and to teach their way of life to the
children.
 They have a Sha-man, or spiritual leader, who enjoys high prestige.
 They use simple weapons, the spear, bow, arrow and stone knife.
Pastoral Societies
 Pastoral society’s survival depend on the domestication of animals

and cultivation of plant.
 They use the animals for different purposes such as, food,
transportation and clothing.
 In pastoral society, population expanded from dozen to hundreds of
people.
 They are nomads.
They have specialized occupations like; peasants, breeders and
traders.
Individuals have the ability to produce and store surplus.
Horticulture Societies
 primary mode of food like, fruit, vegetables and plants cultivation.

 They use hoe and a digging stick to punch holes in the ground to plant
seeds.
 They were established on the geographical location where environment
allowed individuals to cultivate land.
They were complex structure as compare to previous societies.
 These societies consisted of more institutions other than family and
kinship including, government, religion and revenue department.
 These societies were governed by the leaders with hereditary authority
(kings).
 Religious institutions were managed by permanent priests.
Agrarian Society
Agriculture societies were based on large scale cultivation.

Individuals obtained the ability to develop metal tools, wheels, written
language, numbers and better irrigation systems.
 Peasants learned how to cultivate land in different seasons.
 Due to these developments small towns grew into big cities as well as less
human resource was required for production
These societies have extreme social inequality.
 Agricultural societies’ greater in size and inequality also produce more
conflict.
 Agrarian societies put men in charge of food production and Women are
left with the support tasks, such as wedding and carrying water to the
field.
Industrial Societies
 These societies are produced goods through electrical, mechanical, fossil fuel
and steam energy.
 This society based on mechanical labor, as opposed to manual labor, to
create material goods.
 Farms that harvest vegetables using machinery instead of human labor.
They used technological advances that improved people’s health and expanded
their life spans.
People in these societies enjoy greater political freedom.
rises the cities and transformed social institutions.
It change the life of people by using automobile, and electricity powered homes
full of modern conveniences such as refrigerator, washing machine, air
conditioner, and entertainment center like radio, T.V, telephone, computer.
Link between Group, Community, and
Society
• The link between group, community, and society lies in the nested
nature of social organization. Groups form the building blocks of
communities, and communities, in turn, constitute the broader fabric
of society.
• Individuals belong to multiple groups within communities, which are
embedded within larger societal structures.
• The relationships, interactions, and dynamics within groups and
communities contribute to the functioning and development of society
as a whole.
Association
• Bogardus: “Association is usually working together of the people to

achieve some purpose.”
• An association can be called a group of people who come together to

achieve any particular purpose or goal and that too for a limited period
of time.
Conti…..
 Political Associations: PTI, PML-N, PPP, MQM, etc.
 Religious Associations: Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI), Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP), Jamaat-

e-Islami (JI), etc.
 Laborer's Associations: All Pakistan Trade Union Federation, Pakistan Workers Federation
(PWF), National Trade Union Federation (NTUF), etc.
 Professional Associations: Pakistan medical association, Pakistan bar council, Pakistan

Engineering Council, etc.
 Economic Associations or Business Organization: Chamber of Commerce & Industry , All

Pakistan Textile Mills Association , Pakistan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, etc.
Structure of Association
 Method of formation, which is voluntary on the part of a group of
people.
 Method of government, with self-governing organization to decide

on its constitution, its servicing, its policy and its clients.
 Method of financing, with at least some of its revenues drawn from

voluntary sources; and Motives with the pursuit of profit excluded.
Voluntary association
 The term ‘Voluntarism’ is derived from the Latin word ‘voluntas’
which means “will” or “freedom”. Definition of Voluntary
association.
An organization established on the basis of common interest, whose
members volunteer or even pay to participate.
Example; Edhi Foundation, Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital,

Pakistan Red Crescent Society (PRCS), Aurat Foundation, Transparent
Hands, etc.
Non-Voluntary Association
Non-voluntary associations are typically formed without the choice or

voluntary participation of their members.
These associations may arise from factors such as birth, coercion,

institutional structures, or societal norms.
Like; family, social class, religion, caste, etc.

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Group, Community, Society

• There are two types of communities;

The village communities are smaller in size.

Rural Community Urban Community

1.Hunting and Gathering Society

 Pastoral society’s survival depend on the domestication of animals

 primary mode of food like, fruit, vegetables and plants cultivation.

Agriculture societies were based on large scale cultivation.

• Bogardus: “Association is usually working together of the people to

• An association can be called a group of people who come together to

 Political Associations: PTI, PML-N, PPP, MQM, etc.

 Religious Associations: Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI), Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP), Jamaat-

 Professional Associations: Pakistan medical association, Pakistan bar council, Pakistan

 Economic Associations or Business Organization: Chamber of Commerce & Industry , All

 Method of government, with self-governing organization to decide

 Method of financing, with at least some of its revenues drawn from

Example; Edhi Foundation, Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital,

Non-voluntary associations are typically formed without the choice or

These associations may arise from factors such as birth, coercion,

Like; family, social class, religion, caste, etc.

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