SOFTWARE QUALITY ENGINEERING

SOFTWARE QUALITY-II

Mr. Shahid Saleem

1 11/04/2024
 Last Lecture
Quality
Quality Types
Quality Control
Quality Engineering
Different views of Quality
Quality Models

2 11/04/2024
 Topics to Cover
Quality Models
 ISO 9126
 FURPS
 Boehm’s
 GQM
Cost of Quality
 Prevention Cost
 Appraisal Cost
 Failure Cost
Quality Cost Conformance Model

3 11/04/2024
 Quality Models
A Quality Model is defined as, “ the set of characteristics
and the relationships between them which provides the
basis for specifying quality requirements and evaluating
quality”

 Software quality is described by specific quality models

 Standard quality models

 McCall (11 quality factors, 23 quality criteria)
 ISO/IEC 9126 (6 characteristics, 27 sub-characteristics)
 Boehm‟s Model (7 quality factors, 15 quality criteria)

 Application or company specific quality models

 FURPS
 GQM Approach

4 11/04/2024
 McCall’s Factor-Criteria-Metrics Model
Classification into :
 Factors (to specify):
 They describe the external view of the software, as viewed by the
users.
 Criteria (to build):
 They describe the internal view of the software, as seen by the
developer.
 Metrics (to control):
 They are defined and used to provide a scale and method for
measurement.

5 11/04/2024
 McCall’s Quality Factors and Criteria
 McCall, Richards, and Walters studied the concept of software quality in
terms of two key concepts as follows:
 quality factors, and
 quality criteria.
 A quality factor represents the behavioral characteristic of a system.
 Examples: correctness, reliability, efficiency, testability, portability,
maintainability etc.
 A quality criterion is an attribute of a quality factor that is related to
software development.
 Example: Modularity is an attribute of the architecture of a software
system. A highly modular software allows designers to put cohesive
components in one module, thereby increasing the maintainability of the
system.

6 11/04/2024
 McCall’s Factor Model Tree
The McCall Model aimed at system
developers
It is used during development
process
It identifies 3 areas of software work:
 Product Revision (ability to undergo
changes)
 Product Transition (adaptability to
new environments)
 Product Operation (its operation
characteristics)
Doesn’t say much about
Functionality

7 11/04/2024
 McCall’s 11 Quality Factors
 Product Revision
 Maintainability - Can I fix it?
 Flexibility - Can I change it?
 Testability - Can I test it?

 Product Transition
 Portability - Will I be able to use on another
machine?
 Reusability - Will I be able to reuse some of
the software?
 Interoperability - Will I be able to interface
it with another application?
 Product Operation
 Correctness - Does it do what I want?
 Reliability - Does it do it accurately all the
time?
 Efficiency - Will it run on my machine as well
as it can?
 Integrity - Is it secure?

8  Usability - Can I run it? 11/04/2024

 McCall’s Quality Criteria
Some Quality Criteria‟s from McCall‟s Model is listed below:
 Accuracy (The precisions of computations and outputs)
 Completeness (The degree to which the full implementation of the
required functionalities has been achieved)
 Error Tolerance (The degree to which the continuity of operations is
ensured under adverse conditions)
 Expandability (The degree to which software functions can be
expanded)
 Hardware Independence (The degree to which the software is
dependent on the underlying hardware)
 Modularity (The provision of highly independent modules)
 Simplicity (The ease with which the software can be understood)

9 11/04/2024
 McCall’s Quality Factors and Criteria
Relationship Between Quality Factors and Quality
Criteria
 Each quality factor is positively influenced by a set of quality
criteria, and the same quality criterion impacts a number of
quality factors.
• Example: Simplicity impacts reliability, usability, and testability.
 If an effort is made to improve one quality factor, another quality
factor may be degraded.
• Example: Portable code may be less efficient.
 Some quality factors positively impact others.
• Example: An effort to improve the correctness of a system will
increase its reliability.

10 11/04/2024
 ISO- 9126

11 11/04/2024
 ISO-9126 Model
Software quality characteristics:
 A set of attributes of a software product by which its quality is
described and evaluated.
 A software quality characteristic may be refined into multiple
levels of sub characteristics. (ISO 9126:1991 ,3.13)
 Each sub-characteristic is evaluated by a set of metrics.

12 11/04/2024
 The Six Quality Characteristics
(ISO/IEC 9126)

13 11/04/2024
 The Six Quality Characteristics
(ISO/IEC 9126)

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 The Six Quality Characteristics
(ISO/IEC 9126)

15 11/04/2024
 Selecting and Prioritizing Quality
Factors

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 Relationships between quality
factors

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 Relationships between quality
factors
Examples of the relationships between quality factors
 Integrity vs. efficiency (inverse)
 The control access to data or software requires additional code and
processing leading to a longer runtime and additional storage
requirements.
 Usability vs. efficiency (inverse)
 Improvements in the human/computer interface may significantly
increase the amount of code required.
 Maintainability vs. flexibility (direct)
 Maintainable code arises from code that is well structured. This will also
assist any modifications or alterations that are required. Thus a direct
relationship exists between these properties.

18 11/04/2024
 Hewlett Packard: F.U.R.P.S

19 11/04/2024