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Chapter 3 Color Image and Video Models

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30 views26 pages

Chapter 3 Color Image and Video Models

Uploaded by

muscabahmet68
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Multimedia System

Chapter3
Color Images and Videos .
Color Science
Light and Spectra
 Light is an electromagnetic wave. Its color is
characterized by the wavelength content of the light.
 Visible light is an electromagnetic wave in the 400nm-
700 nm(where nm stands for nanometer, 10 9− meters).
 rang. most light we see is not one wavelength , it’s a
combination of many wavelengths.

 SPD( Spectral Power Distribution) The relative power


in each wavelength interval for typical daylight this type
of curve is called SPD or Spectrum. The symbol for
wavelength is λ. This curve is called E(λ ).
Color and Science
Fig. 4.2 shows the relative power in each wavelength interval for typical outdoor light
on a sunny day.
Cont…

 Spectrophotometer: device used to measure


visible light, by reflecting light from a
diffraction grating that spreads out the
different wavelengths.


Figure 4.1 shows the phenomenon that white light contains all the colors of a
rainbow.
Human Vision
 The eye is basically just a camera.

 Each neuron is either a rod or a cone. Rods are not


sensitive to color.

 Cones come in 3 types: Red ,Green and blue . Each


responds differently to various frequencies of light.

 The color signal to the brain comes from the


response of the 3 cones to the spectral being
observed .
Spectral Sensitivity
 The eye is most sensitive to light in the middle
of the visible spectrum.

 The following fig4.3 shows the spectral


sensitivity functions of the cones and the
luminous –efficiency

 function called V(λ) of the human eye.


Image Formation
 In most situations, we actually image light that
is reflected from a surface.

 Surfaces reflect different amounts of light at


different wavelengths, and dark surfaces
reflect less energy than light surfaces.

 Surface spectral reflectance functions S(λ) for


objects. then the reflected light filtered by the
eye’s cone
Reflection is shown in Fig. 4.5 below.
Camera Systems

Camera systems are made in a similar fashion; a good


camera has three signals produced at each pixel
location (corresponding to a retinal position).

 Analog signals are converted to digital, truncated to


integers, and stored. If the precision used is 8-bit,
then the maximum value for any of R,G,B is 255,
and the minimum is 0.

 The light entering the eye of the computer user is


what the screen emits – the screen is essentially a
self-luminous source. Therefore, we need to know
the light E(λ) entering the eye.
Gamma Correction
Gamma is the light emitted is in fact roughly proportional
to the voltage raised to power ,this power is called
Gamma with symbol Y.

 (a) if the file value in the red channel is R, the screen


emits light proportional to R, with SPD equal to that of
the red phosphor paint on the screen that is the target of
the red channel electron gun. The value of gamma is
around 2.2.

 (b) It is customary to append a prime to signals that are


gamma-corrected by raising to the power before
transmission. Thus we arrive at linear signals:
Color-Matching Functions
 A color can be specified as the sum of three
color .So colors form a 3 dimensional vector
space .
 The amounts of R, G, and B the subject
selects to match each single-wavelength light
forms the color-matching curves .

The negative value indicate that some colors can not exactly produced
CIE Chromaticity Diagram
In 1931, the CIE ( International Commission on
Illumination) defined three standard primaries
(X, Y, Z).

The Y primary was intentionally chosen to be


identical to the luminous-efficiency function
of human eyes.
The RGB color model is an additive primaries in
which red, green, and blue light is added together in
various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors.
In RGB color, the three primaries are standard shades
of red, green and blue. Only colors in the RGB gamut
can be represented in this way.
Color Models in Images Color
RGB Color Model for Displays
 color model is system that uses three primary
colors to create a lager rang of colors.

 There are two basic color models which are


- Additive
- Subtractive
Cont…
Additive Color (adding light) describes the
situation where color is created by mixing the
visible light emitted from differently colored light
sources.
Computer monitors and televisions are the
most common form of additive light
Subtractive Color (subtracting light) where light is
removed from various part of the visible
spectrum to create colors.
used in paints and pigments and color
filters.
Additive Color Mixing
Subtractive Color Mixing

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