GBM Iii

APPROACHES FROM
ECOLOGICAL
ECONOMICS
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
• Environmental/Ecological economics teaches us how to promote economic

growth of nations with least environmental damage.
• Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with
environmental issues. ... Particular issues include the costs and benefits of
alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution, water quality,
toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming.
• Environmental economics is concerned with the analysis of the impact of the
economy on the environment
INSTRUMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
• Charges
• Subsidies
• Deposit-Refund Systems
• Market Creation
• Enforcement Incentives
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• According to Brundtland Commission, “Sustainable development is the

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
• According to E.Barbier, “The primary objective of sustainable development is to

reduce the absolute poverty of the world’s poor through providing lasting and
secure livelihoods that minimize resource depletion, environmental degradation,
cultural disruption and social instability.”
OBJECTIVES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
To prevent excessive depletion and degradation of all natural resources.

To use energy more efficiently and improve quality of human life,
To shift from polluting fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy, as
derived from the sun.
To stall the pace of renewable resources to the rate at which they can be
regenerated and replaced.
To promote equity and fairness in utilization of resources,
To install measure for protecting ecosystem,
• Economic and environmental considerations while taking decisions,
• To curtail all wastage of non-renewable resources and to recycle and re-use
materials.
• To fulfill the international obligations related to environmental issues.
• To reduce waste and pollution generation to levels at which they can be
biodegraded and rendered harmless.
• To slowdown and ultimately stabilize population growth, and
• To reduce poverty that leads people to use resources unsustainably.
UNSUSTAINABILITY:
The factors responsible for Global unsustainability are as follows:

The rapidly increasing population and the consequent increasing
pressure on natural resources and life support systems of the earth,
and
The declining physical resources of the Earth, the regeneration of
which is unable to match the pace of indiscriminate use of
environment.
Reasons for global unsustainability:
• Uncontrolled exploitation of limited natural resources.

• Unchecked industrial growth.
• Deforestation.
• Building of large dams.
• Immense growth in population.
• Terrible increase in all types of pollutions, which is due to the overgrowing
population and their demands.
• Unchecked disposal of toxic and nuclear wastes into the water bodies.
• Manufacture of goods like polyethene, etc., which are made up of highly
toxic chemicals, etc
FROM UNSUSTAINABLE TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• Using Appropriate Technology Prompting
• Environmental Education and Awareness
• Alternative use of Energy
• Integrated Land Use
• Planning Renewable Resources
• Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Approach
• Resource Utilization as per Carrying Capacity
• Reduced Consumption
• Water Resources Management
• Production Efficiency
INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY
• An Indicator helps understand where we are, which way we are going

and how far we are from our goal. It alerts us to a problem before it
gets too bad and helps recognize solutions to fix the problem.
Indicators of Sustainability are different from traditional indicators of
economic, social and environmental progress
• Gross National Happiness (GNH)
• Human Development Index (HDI):
• Ecological Footprint (EF)
• The Happy Planet Index (HPI)
IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
• Communities
• Enhancing the Environment
• Growing Green
• Global Impact
• Provide Financial Stability
• Accommodate City Development
• Sustain Biodiversity
CHALLENGES IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
• Disagreements between Stakeholders:

• Uncertainty
• Consumption and Life Style
• Arguments over Cause and Responsibility
• Globalization
• Education
• Urbanization and Rural Development

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APPROACHES FROM

• Environmental/Ecological economics teaches us how to promote economic

• According to Brundtland Commission, “Sustainable development is the

• According to E.Barbier, “The primary objective of sustainable development is to

To prevent excessive depletion and degradation of all natural resources.

The factors responsible for Global unsustainability are as follows:

• Uncontrolled exploitation of limited natural resources.

• An Indicator helps understand where we are, which way we are going

• Disagreements between Stakeholders:

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