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Gaseous Breakdown in Uniform Fields

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226 views15 pages

Gaseous Breakdown in Uniform Fields

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[email protected]
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© © All Rights Reserved
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High Voltage Engineering

UNIT - II

1
UNIT - II
ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN IN GASES, SOLIDS AND
LIQUIDS.
GASEOUS BREAKDOWN IN UNIFORM
FIELDS

In uniform fields, the Townsend's criterion for breakdown


in electropositive gases is given by the following equation,

 where the coefficients α and γ are functions of E/p and


are given as follows

3
GASEOUS BREAKDOWN IN UNIFORM
FIELDS

where E0 is the applied electric field, and p the gas pressure. In a


uniform field electrode system of gap distance d,

Ub is the breakdown voltage and Eb the corresponding field intensity. Eb


is equal to the electric strength of the dielectric under given conditions.
When the applied field intensity E0 = Eb

4
GASEOUS BREAKDOWN IN UNIFORM
FIELDS

5
BREAKDOWN IN LIQUID DIELECTRICS

• A very large number of external factors affect the


breakdown strength of liquid dielectrics.
• For example, electrode configuration, their
,

material, size and surface finish, the type of


voltage, its period of application and magnitude,
the temperature, pressure, purification of the
liquid and its ageing condition.

6
BREAKDOWN IN LIQUID DIELECTRICS

• Dissolved water, gas or the presence of any


other form of contamination and sludge also
affect the breakdown strength considerably.
,

• It is, therefore, not possible to describe the


breakdown mechanism by a single theoretical
analysis which may take into account all known
observed factors affecting the breakdown.

7
CORONA DISCHARGE

• The field is non-uniform, an increase in voltage will


first cause a discharge in the gas to appear at points
with highest electric field intensity, namely at sharp
points or where the electrodes are curved or on
transmission lines. This form of discharge is called a
corona discharge and can be observed as a bluish
luminescence.

8
CORONA DISCHARGE
• This is accompanied by a hissing noise.
• The air surrounding the corona region becomes
converted into ozone.
• It is responsible for considerable loss of power from
high voltage transmission lines,
• It leads to the deterioration of insulation due to the
combined action of the bombardment of ions and of
the chemical compounds formed during discharges.
• It also gives rise to radio interference.

9
BREAKDOWN IN NON-UNIFORM FIELDS

• The breakdown voltages were also observed to


depend on humidity in air.
• In rod gaps the fields are non-uniform.
• In the case of sphere gaps the field is uniform
• In sphere gaps, the breakdo0wn voltage do not
depend on humidity and are also independent of the
voltage waveform
• The formative time lag is quite small (~0.5µs) even
with 5% over-voltage.

10
VACUUM BREAKDOWN
It can be broadly divided into following categories
• Particle exchange mechanism.
• Field emission mechanism.
• Clump theory

11
CONDUCTION & BREAKDOWN IN
COMMERCIAL LIQUIDS

• Suspended particle mechanism


• Cavitation and bubble mechanism
• Stressed oil volume mechanism
• Thermal mechanism of breakdown

12
BREAKDOWN IN SOLID DIELECTRICS

• Chemical & electrochemical deterioration & breakdown


• Breakdown due to treeing and tracking
• Breakdown due to internal discharges

13
BREAKDOWN IN COMPOSITE
DIELECTRICS

• Mechanism of breakdown in composite dielectric


1. Short-term breakdown
2. Long-term breakdown

14
CONDUCTION & BREAKDOWN IN
PURE LIQUIDS

• Low electric fields less than 1 kV/cm are applied, conductivities of 10 -


18
–10-20 mho/cm are obtained.
• These are due to impurities remaining after purification
• When the fields are high the currents not only increase rapidly.

15

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