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At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

understand about the Java network classes and interfaces

know about the different types of sockets and

their functionality
create servers using server sockets and clients using client

sockets
develop a client/server applications.

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  Java provides:-
Stream-based communications
a process establishes a connection to another
process. While the connection is in place, data
flows between the processes
Connection-based protocol - Uses TCP
Packet-based communications – use UDP
Individual packets transmitted
 Client-server relationship
Client requests some action to be performed
Server performs the action and responds to client
Request-response model
Common implementation: Web browsers and Web
servers
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  Java Networking is a concept of connecting two or more computing devices

together so that we can share resources.

 Java Network programming provides facility to share data between

different computing devices.

Advantage of Java Networking

 sharing resources
 centralize software management
Java Networking terminology
 IP Address
 Protocol
 Port number
 MAC Address, connection-oriented and connection-less protocol

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  A socket, in network terminology, is an end-point for communication
between two processes on the network.
 Java Socket programming is used for communication between the

applications running on different JRE.

 Java Socket programming can be connection-oriented or connection-less.

 Socket and ServerSocket classes are used for connection-oriented socket

programming and DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket classes are used

for connection-less socket programming.
 The client in socket programming must know two information:

1. IP Address of Server, and

2. Port Number
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  Java provides the ServerSocket class for creating a server socket and

the Socket class for creating a client socket. Two programs on the
Internet communicate through a server socket and a client socket
using I/O streams.
 Networking is tightly integrated in Java. The Java API provides the

classes for creating sockets to facilitate program communications

over the Internet. Sockets are the endpoints of logical connections
between two hosts and can be used to send and receive data. Java
treats socket communications much as it treats I/O operations; thus,
programs can read from or write to sockets as easily as they can read
from or write to files.
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  Network programming usually involves a server and one or more

clients. The client sends requests to the server, and the server
responds. The client begins by attempting to establish a connection
to the server. The server can accept or deny the connection. Once a
connection is established, the client and the server communicate
through sockets.
 The server must be running when a client attempts to connect to the

server. The server waits for a connection request from the client. The
statements needed to create sockets on a server and on a client are
shown in Figure 4.1.

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  To establish a server, you need to create a server socket and attach it to

a port, which is where the server listens for connections. The port
identifies the TCP service on the socket. Port numbers range from 0 to
65536, but port numbers 0 to 1024 are reserved for privileged services.
 For instance, the email server runs on port 25, and the Web server

usually runs on port 80. You can choose any port number that is not
currently used by other programs.
 The following statement creates a server socket serverSocket:

ServerSocket serverSocket = new

ServerSocket(port);
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 Figure 4.1: The server creates a server socket and, once a connection to a
client is established, connects to the client with a client socket.

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 Fig 4.2. connection-oriented communication pattern using sockets

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  After a server socket is created, the server can use the following

statement to listen for connections:

Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();

 This statement waits until a client connects to the server socket. The

client issues the following statement to request a connection to a

server:

Socket socket = new Socket(serverName,

port);
 This statement opens a socket so that the client program can

communicate with the server. serverName is the server’s Internet

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host name or IP address.
  The following statement creates a socket on the client machine to

connect to the host 130.254.204.33 at port 8000:

Socket socket = new

Socket("130.254.204.33", 8000)
Alternatively, you can use the domain name to create a socket, as
follows:

Socket socket = new

Socket(“www.facebook.com", 8000);
 When you create a socket with a host name, the JVM asks the DNS to

translate the host name into the IP address.

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  After the server accepts the connection, communication between the
server and the client is conducted in the same way as for I/O streams.
The statements needed to create the streams and to exchange data
between them are shown in Example below.

The server and client exchange data through I/O streams on top of the socket.
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  To get an input stream and an output stream, use the getInputStream()

and getOutputStream() methods on a socket object. For example, the

following statements create an InputStream stream called input and
an OutputStream stream called output from a socket:
InputStream input =
socket.getInputStream();
OutputStream output =
socket.getOutputStream();
 The InputStream and OutputStream streams are used to read or

write bytes. You can use DataInputStream, DataOutputStream,

BufferedReader, and PrintWriter to wrap on the InputStream and

14 OutputStream to read or write data, such as int, double,or String.

  The following statements, for instance, create the DataInputStream

stream input and the DataOutputStream output to read and write

primitive data values:
DataInputStream input = new
DataInputStream(socket.getInputStream());

DataOutputStream output = new

DataOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());

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  The server program can use the InetAddress class to obtain the

information about the IP address and host name for the client.
 Occasionally, you would like to know who is connecting to the server.

You can use the InetAddress class to find the client’s host name and IP
address. The InetAddress class models an IP address.
 You can use the following statement in the server program to get an

instance of InetAddress on a socket that connects to the client.

InetAddress inetAddress =
socket.getInetAddress();

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Next, you can display the client’s host name and IP address, as follows:
System.out.println("Client's host name is "
+
inetAddress.getHostName());
System.out.println("Client's IP Address is "
+
inetAddress.getHostAddress());

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 A server can serve multiple clients. The connection to each client is handled
by one thread.
 Multiple clients are quite often connected to a single server at the same time.

Typically, a server runs continuously on a server computer, and clients from

all over the Internet can connect to it. You can use threads to handle the
server’s multiple clients simultaneously—simply create a thread for each
connection. Here is how the server handles the establishment of a
connection:
while (true) {
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept(); //
Connect to a client
18 Thread thread = new ThreadClass(socket);
 The server socket can have many connections. Each iteration of the while

loop creates a new connection. Whenever a connection is established, a

new thread is created to handle communication between the server and
the new client, and this allows multiple connections to run at the same
time. A sample run of the server with two clients is shown in Figure
below:

Figure 4.3: Multithreading enables a server to handle multiple independent clients.

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  Connectionless transmission with datagrams
 No connection maintained with other computer
 Break message into separate pieces and send as
packets
 Datagram packet
 used as short lived envelopes for datagram messages
 Used to assemble messages before they are dispatched
onto the network,
 or dismantle messages after they have been received
 The DatagramPacket class
 represents a datagram packet.
 Has the following attributes:
 Destination/source address
 Destination/source port number
20  Data bytes constituting the message
  Java DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket classes are used for connection-less

socket programming.
 DatagramSocket class

 Java DatagramSocket class represents a connection-less socket for sending and

receiving datagram packets. A datagram is basically an information but there is no

guarantee of its content, arrival or arrival time.
 Commonly used Constructors of DatagramSocket class
o DatagramSocket() throws SocketException: it creates a datagram socket
and binds it with the available Port Number on the localhost machine.
o DatagramSocket(int port) throws SocketException: it creates a datagram
socket and binds it with the given Port Number.
o DatagramSocket(int port, InetAddress address) throws SocketException:
it creates a datagram socket and binds it with the specified port number and host
address.

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  Java DatagramPacket class

Java DatagramPacket is a message that can be sent or received. If you send

multiple packet, it may arrive in any order. Additionally, packet delivery is
not guaranteed.

Commonly used Constructors of DatagramPacket class

 DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int length): it creates a datagram packet.

This constructor is used to receive the packets of lengh length.

 DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int length, InetAddress address, int port):

it creates a datagram packet. This constructor is used to send the packets to

the specified port number on the specified host.

22 ExampleSender ExampleReceiver
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