​CHAPTER 6

TISSUES
 WHAT ARE TISSUES?
Tissues are a group of cells that
combine together to perform a
particular function.

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WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF TISSUES?
1. PLANT TISSUES 2. ANIMAL TISSUES
 1.PLANT TISSUES
Plant tissues are of various types, and they are made up of
similar types of cells. They are different from animal
tissues since there are several differences between animal
and plant cells. Meristematic tissues and permanent
tissues are the two types.

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 1.ANIMAL TISSUES
Animal tissues are made up of animal
cells. These tissues are usually not rigid
since the cells do not have cell walls.

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 TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES

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 MERISTEMATIC TISSUES

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 TYPES-

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 PERMANENT TISSUES-
• Permanent tissue is made up of meristematic tissue
which take permanent shape, size, and function
through the process of differentiation.
• They are non dividing cells .

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 Simple Permanent Tissue

1. These are also known as homogenous tissues.

They are made up of a single cell type, usually
with the same origin, structure, and function.
2. Simple permanent tissue is further classified
into three types:Parenchyma, Collenchyma,
and Sclerenchyma.

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 1. Parenchyma

• The cells have an oval or round shape.

• The cell wall is made up of hemicellulose or
cellulose.
• The cell is thin-walled.
• The cells have vacuoles and very small nucleus.
• It is found in all parts of the plant.
• The protoplasm is living and dense.
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 2. Collenchyma

• Cells are long and thick-walled.

• The cell wall is made up of cellulose and pectin.
• It is the only tissue with the highest refractive
index due to the presence of pectin.
• The amount of chloroplast is less in the cells.
• The cells have no intercellular spaces.
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 3. Sclerenchyma

• These are dead tissues, very hard and rigid

in texture.
• Cells are thick-walled with various size and
shapes.
• These provide mechanical support and
rigidity to the plant.
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 Complex permanent Tissue

• The complex tissues are made up of

various types of cells carrying out distinct
functions and are of two types:
1. XYLEM
2. PHLOEM

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 1. Xylem

• It transports water and nutrients from the

roots to the leaves of the plant.
• It provides support to the plants.
• It is divided into-tracheids, vessels,
xylem fiber, and xylem parenchyma.

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 2. Phloem

• It translocates the prepared organic

food from the leaves to different parts
of the plant.
• It is also known as bast.
• It is composed of sieve tubes,
companion cells,phloem parenchyma, and phloem
fibres.
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ANIMAL TISSUES
 ANIMAL TISSUES TYPES-

• Epithelial Tissues

• Connective Tissues

• Muscle Tissues

• Nervous Tissues
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 Epithelial Tissues
• Made up of tightly packed cells layer
together, epithelial tissues line the body
surface.
• Their functions include protection,
absorption, and secretion.
• Epithelial tissues can be found in the
lining of the mouth and nose, digestive
system lining, and the skin.
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 1. Squamous Epithelium

• Closely packed with one another, these are thin and flat
cells that mostly like the esophagus, blood vessels,
alveoli and the inner cavities of the mouth.
• The squamous epithelium may also be arranged in
multiple layers, in which case it is known as the
stratified squamous epithelium tissue. These tissues are
usually found in the lining of the esophagus and the
skin.
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 2. Cuboidal Epithelium Tissue

• These are cuboidal in shape, hence

rightfully deriving their name. Found in
kidney tubules, salivary glands, and sweat
glands, the functions of the cuboidal
epithelium tissue are secretion, protection
and absorption.
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 3. Columnar Epithelium Tissue

• Mostly with column-like or pillar-like cells,

these can be found in the intestine and
lining of the stomach.
• Important functions of the columnar
epithelium tissue include secretion and
absorption.
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 4. Ciliated Columnar Tissue

• The columnar epithelium tissues often have cilia;

this is when they come to be known as ciliated
columnar tissues.
• These can be found in kidney tubules, the
respiratory tract and lining of the trachea.
• Their function is to help in the movement of
material in a given direction.
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 5. Glandular Epithelium Tissue

• These are majorly modified columnar epithelial

tissues whose main function is secretion. They
can be found in the sweat glands and tear
glands.

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 Connective Tissues

• These are tissues that support, connect or

separate various other kinds of tissues and
organs inside the body.
• They are made up of cells, fibers like collagen
and extracellular matrix.
• Collective tissues can be found abundantly
located inside the body in a freely arranged
form or in a matrix.
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Blood
The functions of blood include putting up a defence system,
transportation and most importantly homeostasis. Blood is
composed of blood cells that include platelets, RBC and WBC along
with plasma.

Bones
These form the skeletal structure of the body and have a
characteristic of being rich in calcium and collagen fibers. They
protect the body and are the location of blood cell production.

Cartilage
These can be found in the ear tips, vertebral column, bronchi and
are made of chondrocytes that are composed of flexible
intercellular
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Tendons and ligaments:
Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that link muscles to
bones.
The eyeball connection to the sockets is through these tendons.
A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to
bone and helps to keep structures together and stable.
Knees, elbow, shoulders, and other joints where ligaments are
found.

Areolar Connective Tissues

These are found under the skin, surrounding nerves and blood
vessels. Their function is to repair tissues and provide support.

Adipose Tissues
These can be found in the organs and skin. Composed of fat
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 Muscle Tissues

• Muscle tissues are specialised tissues found

in animals, responsible for applying force to
various parts of the body by using the
method of contraction. Thin and elongated
cells called muscle fibers make up the
muscle tissues.
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 TYPES-
Skeletal Muscle Tissues
• Voluntary muscle and striated in nature, skeletal muscle tissues have
neatly arranged bundles and have tendons anchoring them. These have
an impact on the skeletal movements of an organism that include
posture and locomotion.

Smooth Muscle Tissues

• These are involuntary and non-striated in nature and have tapered ends.
They are mostly located in the blood vessel walls like arteries and veins,
urinary tract, trachea and digestive system. Smooth muscle tissues help
in peristalsis to move food up and down the alimentary canal.

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Cardiac Muscle Tissues
These majorly consist of making up the heart.
Involuntary and striated, these are branched out
at irregular angles to help with coordinated
contractions occurring inside the heart.

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 Nervous Tissues

• Nervous tissues are the cells that form the

central and peripheral nervous system. While in
the central nervous system, the nervous tissues
form the spinal cord and the brain, in the
peripheral nervous system, the nervous tissues
make up the cranial and spinal nerves, also
including the motor and sensory neurons.
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The most important function of the nerve tissues is to transmit and carry
nerve impulses in various parts of the body.

Impulses are often sent by axons and received by dendrites.

Nerve cells can be of three types- sensory neurons, motor neurons and
interneurons.

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