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Convention in Mathematical Languege

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28 views19 pages

Convention in Mathematical Languege

Uploaded by

santialemuel6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Penida, Kevin Kendrick M.

and
Santia, Lemuel C.
BSIT 1-C GEC 04 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN
WORLD

MONDAY & WEDNESDAY 9:30am-10:30am


TEACHER: SIR IVAN ABBARO
2.1
CONVENTION IN THE MATHEMATICAL
LANGUAGE

GEC 04 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD


Objective

Define what a mathematical convention is and explain why mathematicians


follow them.
Introduce the different forms of mathematical language, including numbers,
grouping symbols, operation symbols, variables, and relation symbols.
Explain the PEMDAS rule and the order of operations.
To explain the significance of typographical conventions in mathematics and how
they contribute to the uniformity and clarity of mathematical texts.
Present various mathematical expressions with their corresponding symbolic
verbs and common phrases.
• Explain the use of alphabets in mathematics, such the Greek alphabet for
representing constants and angles.
INTRODUCTION

A mathematical convention is a fact, name, notations, or


usage which is generally agreed upon by mathematician.
For example, one evaluates multiplication before addition
following the principle of PEMDAS (Parenthesis,
Exponent, Multiplication, Division, Addition and
Subtraction). Mathematicians abide by conventions to be
able to understand what they write without constantly
having to redefine basic terms. Almost all mathematical
names and symbols are conventional (Sirug, 2018).
A Mathematical language uses symbols, instead of words, to
communicate Mathematical ideas. The syntax and structure can
be categorized into 5 forms.

NUMBERS OPERATION RELATION


1, 2, 3, 4, 5, SYMBOLS SYMBOLS
and etc +, -, ×, ÷ =, ≠, <, ≤, >, ≥

GROUPING VARIABLES
SYMBOLS x, y, n, A, V
( ), [ ], { }
Convention in Mathematics

• PEMDAS Rule which stands for parentheses, exponent, multiplication, division, addition and
subtraction.
Convention in Mathematics

• PEMDAS Rule which stands for parentheses, exponent, multiplication, division, addition and
subtraction.

Example:

RULES for the order of operations:


1) Do first what are INSIDE the
parentheses… P
2) Evaluate all expressions with
exponents. E
3) Multiply, divide whichever comes
first. M / D
4) Add, subtract whichever comes
first. A / S
SYMBOLS

Operation Symbols Common Phrases


Addition + Added to, sum of, plus, increase by
Subtracted from, less, less than, decrease by, difference of,
Subtraction -
ago
Multiplied, times, per, as much, twice, by, product, doubled,
Multiplication × or •
tripled
Division ÷ Divided by, quotient, out of, ratio, per, part
Equal = Is, equal, result to
Greater than > Is greater than, exceeds
Less than < Is less than
Greater than
≥ Is atleast, is greater than or equal to, minimum, not lest than
or equal to
Less than or Is at most, is less than or equal to, at maximum, not greater
≤
equal to than
Not equal ≠ Is not equal to
In mathematics, we use symbols instead of words. We are familiar with the ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, and 9 and the different operations. For instance, we associate the symbol “+” with addition, “–“ with
subtraction, “×” with multiplication and “÷” with division. As in the case for spoken mathematical
language, in written or printed mathematical discourse, mathematical expressions containing a symbolic
verb, like = (equal), < (less than), > (greater than), etc. are treated as complete sentences.
TYPOGRAPHICAL CONVENTION

Typographical conventions in mathematics provide uniformity across mathematical texts and help
individual to grasp new concepts quickly. Mathematical notations include letters from various alphabets,
as well as special mathematical symbols. Letters often have specific, fixed meanings in particular areas
of mathematics. For instance, we use the start of the alphabet (a, b, c, …) to denote constants or fixed
values while the end of the alphabet (…, x, y, z) to denote variables (Sirug, 2018).
Letter often have special uses:

Example What they usually mean

Start of the alphabet: a, b, c, … Constant (fixed values)

From i to n: i, j, k, l, m, n Positive integers (for counting)

End of the alphabet: … x, y, z Variables

Those are not rules, but they are often used that way

Example: y = ax + b

People will assume that a and b are fixed values,


And that x is the one that change, which in turn makes y change.
NUMBERS

Symbol use in counting


Constant values
• Both real numbers and imaginary numbers
NUMBERS

Symbol use in counting


Constant values
• Both real numbers and imaginary numbers

Egyptian Number System


NUMBERS

Symbol use in counting


Constant values
• Both real numbers and imaginary numbers

Egyptian Number System

Babylonian Number System


NUMBERS

Symbol use in counting


Constant values
• Both real numbers and imaginary numbers

Egyptian Number System

Babylonian Number System Roman Number System


NUMBERS

Symbol use in counting


Constant values
• Both real numbers and imaginary numbers

Egyptian Number System

Babylonian Number System Roman Number System Hindu-Arabic


NumberSystem
GREEK ALPHABET

Usually represent constants in formulas in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and other related branches.
Greek letters are used in many calculations. For instance, we use the Greek letter π, reas as “pi” to
represent the unending 3.14159.... Also, angles are represented by α (‘alpha’), β (‘beta’), and θ (‘theta’).
The Greek capital letter ‘sigma’ or Σ is frequently used to represent the addition of several numbers(Sirug,
2018).
Example
• If you have a triangle with angles α = 30°, β = 60°, and γ = 90°, you can use these

• The Greek letter 𝜋 is used to represent the ratio of the circumference of a circle to
symbols to write the following equation: α + β + γ = 180°.

formulas involving circles, such as the formula for the are of a circle: A = 𝜋r², where
its diameter. This constant is approximately equal to 3.14159... and is used in many

A is the area and r is the radius of the circle.


• The Greek capital letter Σ is used to represent the sum of a set of numbers. For
example, if we have a set of numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, we can use the sigma notation
to write the sum of these numbers as: Σn = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15
The use of subscripts (e.g. 𝑥𝑛) and superscripts (e.g. 𝑥𝑛) is also an important convention. A subscript is
a small number, or other symbol, written to the bottom right of a variable to distinguish different instances
of a variable. On the other hand, superscripts are commonly used to indicate raising to a power. For
example, 5³ means 5 × 5 × 5 (Sirug, 2018).

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