MANTAINING OPERATING

SYSTEM
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer
hardware and software resources and provides common services for
computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between the user and the
computer hardware, ensuring that various applications and processes can
run effectively. Key functions of an operating system include:
Installing an operating system (OS) involves several steps that vary slightly depending on the OS
you're installing. Below is a general guide on how to install an OS, specifically focusing on installing
Windows from a bootable USB drive. Similar principles apply to other OS installations like Linux or
macOS, though there may be slight variations.

Steps for Installing Windows Operating System:

1. Prepare Installation Media
•Download the Windows ISO file from the official Microsoft website or obtain an installation disk.
•Create a bootable USB drive using a tool like Rufus or Windows Media Creation Tool.
• For Rufus:
• Insert a USB flash drive (at least 8 GB).
• Open Rufus.
• Select the downloaded Windows ISO file and choose the USB drive as the target.
• Click Start to make the USB bootable.
2. Boot from Installation Media
•Insert the bootable USB drive into your computer.
•Restart the computer.
•Enter the BIOS/UEFI by pressing a key like F2, DEL, or Esc (key depends on the system).
•Set the USB drive as the primary boot device.
•Save and exit BIOS (usually F10).
3. Start Windows Installation
•Your computer will boot from the USB drive.
•You will see the Windows installation screen. Click Install Now.
4. Enter Product Key
•If prompted, enter your Windows product key. You can skip this step and enter the key later if you don't
have one at the moment.
5. Accept License Terms
•Read and accept the Microsoft Software License Terms to proceed with the installation.
6. Choose Installation Type
•You'll be given two options:
• Upgrade: Installs Windows while keeping your files, settings, and applications.
• Custom: Installs a fresh copy of Windows and wipes everything (choose this if you're installing a
new OS).

7. Partition the Hard Drive

•Select where you want to install Windows.
•You can format, delete, or create partitions if necessary.
•Choose a partition with enough space (at least 20GB recommended for Windows).
8. Start the Installation
•Click Next after selecting the partition.
•Windows will start copying files and installing the OS. This can take a few minutes.
Installing drivers after installing an operating system (OS) is essential to ensure that all hardware
components, such as the display, audio, network adapters, and peripherals, function correctly. Here’s
how you can install drivers on a new OS:
Steps to Install Operating System Drivers (Windows Example)
1. Windows Automatic Driver Installation
After installing Windows, the OS often automatically installs basic drivers for most hardware
components. To check for automatic updates:
•Windows 10/11: Go to Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update, and click Check for
updates. This will search for any driver updates from Microsoft’s driver repository and install them
automatically.
2. Install Drivers Manually from Device Manager
•Press Windows + X and select Device Manager.
•Look for any devices with a yellow exclamation mark. These are devices that do not have drivers
installed.
•Right-click on the device, then choose Update driver.
•Select Search automatically for updated driver software. Windows will search for the appropriate
driver online.
3. Download Drivers from Manufacturer’s Website
Some drivers, especially for graphics cards, chipsets, and custom hardware, may need to be manually
downloaded and installed. Here's how:
•Identify your hardware model (e.g., for the graphics card, it could be NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050).
•Visit the manufacturer's website (e.g., NVIDIA, AMD, Intel, Dell, HP, Lenovo).
•Search for the driver using the model number or product name.
•Download the correct driver for your OS version (e.g., Windows 10, 64-bit).
•Run the installer and follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation.
7. Install Peripheral Drivers
For printers, scanners, or external devices:
•Go to the device manufacturer’s website (e.g., HP, Canon, etc.).
•Download the specific drivers for the device and OS.
•Run the installation package and follow the on-screen instructions.

Verifying Driver Installation

After completing the steps:
•Return to Device Manager and check for any remaining devices with yellow exclamation marks. If
none exist, all drivers have been installed successfully.
•You can also verify the system's performance to ensure hardware functions as expected (e.g., high-
resolution display, working sound, fast network).

Important Drivers to Install

•Chipset Drivers: Essential for motherboard components.
•Graphics Drivers: For optimal display and gaming performance.
•Audio Drivers: To enable sound output.
•Network/Wi-Fi Drivers: For internet and local network connections.
•Peripheral Drivers: For external devices like printers or webcams.

Once all drivers are installed and up-to-date, your system will be fully operational.
9. Configure Windows Settings
•After installation, your computer will reboot, and you’ll be prompted to configure basic settings:
• Choose your region, language, and time zone.
• Set up a user account and password.
• Connect to a Wi-Fi network if prompted.
• Choose privacy settings.

10. Install Drivers and Updates

•After the installation is complete, it’s important to install any missing hardware drivers.
•Go to Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update to download and install the latest
updates.
•If necessary, download drivers for your system from the manufacturer’s website.

11. Install Applications

•Once the OS is installed, you can begin installing your applications and configuring the system to your
preferences.
After these steps, your computer will be ready to use with the new operating system installed.

If you're installing another OS (like Linux), the process is similar, but the setup screens and steps for
partitioning may vary slightly.
1.Hardware Control: The OS manages hardware resources like the CPU, memory, and
storage, allowing multiple programs to use the hardware efficiently without interfering with
each other.
2.Process Management: It controls the execution of programs, manages process
scheduling, and ensures that each program gets enough CPU time.
3.Memory Management: The OS allocates memory to different programs, tracks its use,
and reclaims it when no longer needed.
4.File System Management: The OS organizes data into files and directories on storage
devices, providing easy access to information while ensuring data security and reliability.
5.Security and Access Control: It controls access to the system's resources, ensuring
that users can only access what they are permitted to. This also involves protecting the
system from external threats like viruses.
6.User Interface: The OS provides a user interface, either command-line-based (CLI) or
graphical (GUI), that allows users to interact with the system and perform tasks like
opening files, running programs, or configuring system settings.

Popular operating systems include Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android, each
designed for different types of devices (e.g., desktops, servers, mobile phones). They make
computing more accessible by abstracting the complex operations of hardware and
providing a platform for applications.
Managing an operating system (OS) involves overseeing and optimizing the core functions that the OS
provides to ensure that computer hardware and software run efficiently. Key aspects of managing an
operating system include:

1.Resource Management: The OS allocates resources such as CPU, memory, disk space, and
input/output devices among multiple applications and processes. It ensures that resources are used
efficiently and prevents conflicts.
2.Process Management: The OS handles the creation, scheduling, and termination of processes. It
ensures that multiple applications can run simultaneously (multitasking) without causing issues.
3.Memory Management: The OS manages the system's memory by allocating and deallocating space
for programs as needed. It ensures that each process has enough memory and prevents memory leaks
or corruption.
4.File System Management: The OS provides a file system to organize, store, retrieve, and secure
files on storage devices. It manages file access, permissions, and storage efficiency.
5.Security and Access Control: The OS manages user accounts, permissions, and security protocols.
It ensures that unauthorized users cannot access sensitive data and protects the system from malware
or viruses.
6.Device Management: The OS manages communication between hardware devices (like printers,
keyboards, and network cards) and software. It ensures that hardware functions properly with the
correct drivers.
7.Error Detection and Handling: The OS monitors system performance and errors, correcting them
when possible or reporting them to the user or administrator.
8.User Interface: Managing the OS also involves configuring and optimizing the user interface (UI),
whether it's a command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI).
Basic Disk Operating System • Understanding DOS

(DOS) commands allow you to manage The Disk Operating System (DOS) is an
files, directories, and system settings from operating system that provides a user interface
the command line interface. Below are and allows users to interact with the file system
some essential DOS commands you can and hardware components through text-based
perform in a command prompt. commands. In DOS, tasks like creating, deleting,
and managing files and directories (folders) are
performed through the command prompt.
• The creation of files and directories using
Disk Operating System (DOS) commands
refers to the process of managing and 2. Directories in DOS
organizing data in a command-line A directory is a storage location where files and
interface (CLI) environment, specifically other directories (subdirectories) are stored. In
using DOS, which was one of the early DOS, directories help organize data into a
operating systems for personal hierarchical structure. For example, a main
computers folder may have several subfolders, each
containing different types of files.
1. Navigating Directories
`DIR` - List Directory Contents
•RD` or `RMDIR` - Remove Directory
- This command lists the files and directories in the current directory. • - Deletes an empty directory.
bash • bash
DIR
• RD FolderName

`CD` - Change Directory

•
- Use this command to navigate between folders. •
- To go to a folder within the current directory: • 2. File Management
bash
• `COPY` - Copy Files
CD FolderName
•To go back one level: • - This command copies files from one location to another.
• bash • - Copy a file:
• CD • bash
•
• COPY SourceFile Destination
•
• `MD` or `MKDIR` - Make Directory •
• - This command creates a new folder. • - Example:
• bash • bash
• MD FolderName
• COPY file.txt D:\
DEL` or `ERASE` - Delete Files 3. Disk and System Information

- Deletes one or more files. `CHKDSK` - Check Disk

bash - Checks the disk for file system errors and displays a status report.
bash
DEL filename.extension CHKDSK

- Example:
bash `FORMAT` - Format a Disk
DEL myfile.txt - Formats a disk for use by the operating system.
bash
FORMAT D:
`REN` or `RENAME` - Rename Files
- Renames a file.
bash `DISKCOPY` - Copy Disk
REN oldname.txt newname.txt - Copies the contents of one floppy disk to another.
bash
DISKCOPY A: B:
`MOVE` - Move Files 4. Viewing File Contents
- Moves files from one directory to another or renames files. `TYPE` - Display File Contents
bash - Displays the contents of a text file.
MOVE filename.extension Destination bash
TYPE filename.txt
Files in DOS •To create a directory in DOS, you use commands like MD
(Make Directory) or MKDIR. This allows the user to create
A file is a container for storing data, whether
a new folder in ba specific location on the disk. The new
it’s a document, program, or other types of
directory will e used to store related files or
content. In DOS, files are identified by their
subdirectories.
name and extension

(e.g. myfile.txt) where the extension indicates Example

the file type.
MD Projects
This command creates a directory called Projects in the
Why Create Files and Directories?
current working directory.
Organizing data into files and directories
makes it easier to locate, store, and manage
information on the computer. Users can create
specific directories to store related files and
create new files to store data such as text,
code, or other content.
Creating Files in DOS
In DOS, files can be created using commands like COPY CON or EDIT (if available). These commands allow the user to input
data into a new file or open a text editor to create a file.
 Example:
COPY CON myfile.txt
This command allows the user to create a file called myfile.txt and type content directly from the keyboard.
7. Command Syntax
DOS commands follow a specific syntax where the command is followed by options or arguments. For example:
 MD or MKDIR is followed by the directory path.
 COPY CON is followed by the file name and extension.
To create files and directories using DOS (Disk Operating System) commands, you can follow these
steps:

1. Creating Directories

To create a directory, use the `MD` or `MKDIR` command.

Syntax:

MD [drive:][path]directory_name
or
MKDIR [drive:][path]directory_name

Example:
dos
MD C:\Users\Grace\Documents\NewFolder

This creates a directory named `NewFolder` inside the `Documents` folder.

This lists all files and folders in the `Documents` directory.
2. Creating Files

To create files in DOS, the most common method is using the `COPY CON` command or a text editor
like `EDIT`.

Using `COPY CON`

Syntax:

COPY CON file_name.extension

This command copies the console input (keyboard typing) into the specified file.

Example:
dos
COPY CON C:\Users\Grace\Documents\sample.txt

Then you can type the content of the file. To finish and save the file, press `Ctrl + Z` and hit `Enter`.

# Using `EDIT`
If the DOS environment has the `EDIT` command installed, you can create a file directly in a text editor.

Syntax:
dos
EDIT file_name.extension

Example:
dos
EDIT C:\Users\Grace\Documents\report.txt

3. Displaying Files and Directories

To view files and directories in a folder, you can use the `DIR` command.

Syntax:
DIR [drive:][path]

Example:
dos
DIR C:\Users\Grace\Documents
 4. Deleting Files and Directories

- Deleting files: Use the `DEL` command.

Syntax:

DEL file_name.extension

Example:
dos
DEL C:\Users\Grace\Documents\sample.txt

- Deleting directories: Use the `RD` or `RMDIR` command to remove an empty directory.

Syntax:

RD directory_name
Example:
dos
RD C:\Users\Grace\Documents\NewFolder
 drive. Review the list for any unusual or suspicious file names.
•Removing malicious software (malware) using Disk Operating
System (DOS) commands requires specific tools or manual •
techniques because DOS itself does not come with built-in • 2.Stopping Malicious Processes
malware detection or removal features like modern antivirus
•If malware is actively running, you may need to terminate it. While DOS
software. However, some DOS commands can be used to identify
itself doesn't have a direct way to stop processes (like Task Manager), you
suspicious files, stop malware processes, and delete potentially
can boot into DOS to avoid the malware running in the first place, especially
harmful files.
if using a bootable DOS environment.
•
•
•Here's how you can approach this task using DOS commands:
•#Using `TASKLIST` and `TASKKILL` (on newer versions like Command Prompt)
•
• 1.Identifying Suspicious Files •If you are using a command-line environment on a newer system (such as
Windows Command Prompt):
•Before removing malware, you need to identify suspicious or
malicious files. Malware often hides in system directories or auto- •
runs at startup. To check for unusual files, you can use the •-TASKLIST: Shows running processes.
following commands:
•-TASKKILL: Kills specific processes.
•
•
•#View System Files and Directories
•You can use the `DIR` command to list all files, including hidden •Commands:
ones. Use the `/A` switch to show hidden and system files. •```dos
• •TASKLIST
•Command: •TASKKILL /F /IM malicious_program.exe
•```dos
3. Deleting Suspicious or Malicious Files
Delete Entire Folders
•Once you've identified a malicious file, you can delete it using the `DEL`
command. To ensure that a file is not read-only or hidden, use the `ATTRIB` If the malicious software is in a folder, you can delete the entire folder with the
command first to change its attributes. `RD` (remove directory) command.

•Command:
•Remove File Attributes
•```dos
•Before deleting system or hidden files, you must remove their attributes.
•RD /S /Q C:\path\to\malicious_folder
•```
•Command: •- `/S`: Removes the folder and all its contents.
•```dos •- `/Q`: Quiet mode (no prompts).
•ATTRIB -H -R -S C:\path\to\malicious_file.exe
•``` 4.Removing Malicious Files from Startup
This removes the hidden (`-H`), read-only (`-R`), and system (`-S`) attributes Malware often configures itself to start automatically when the system boots. You
from the file. can check the `AUTOEXEC.BAT` or `CONFIG.SYS` files for suspicious entries in older
DOS environments. In Windows, you can use the `MSCONFIG` tool or check the
•
registry for suspicious startup entries.
Delete the Malicious File
Once the attributes are removed, use the `DEL` command to delete the Check and Edit AUTOEXEC.BAT
file. •Command:
•```dos
•Command: •EDIT C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT
•```dos
•
•Look for suspicious programs or commands that auto-run on startup and •Summary of DOS Commands for Malware Removal:
delete the entries.

• 5.Using Antivirus Tools with DOS •1. `DIR /A /S` – List all files, including hidden ones, to spot
•In some cases, DOS-based antivirus tools likeF-PROT orMcAfee's VirusScan suspicious files.
were used for detecting and removing malware in older systems. These •2. `ATTRIB -H -R -S` – Remove attributes to make suspicious
tools run from DOS and can scan for and remove infections.
files deletable.
•3. `DEL` – Delete suspicious files.
•Example of running an antivirus scan:
•```dos •4. `RD /S /Q` – Remove entire directories of malicious files.
•F-PROT /DISINF •5. `TASKLIST` and `TASKKILL` (for newer systems) – Stop
•``` running malicious processes.
•This command runs a scan and attempts to disinfect any infected files.

For complete malware removal, using modern antivirus tools is

•Limitations a better option, but these DOS commands can assist in
•-Manual Detection: Since DOS lacks built-in antivirus capabilities, manual identifying and removing simple malware files manually.
detection and removal are not foolproof.
•-Outdated Tools: Modern malware is more complex, and DOS commands
may not be enough to deal with these threats. Current antivirus software is
strongly recommended.