0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views40 pages

Number System

Uploaded by

aliimran9595
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views40 pages

Number System

Uploaded by

aliimran9595
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

CCoommppuutterer FFununddaammenenttaallss::

PPrradadeeepep KK.. SSiinhanha && PPrriititi SSiinhanha

Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 1/40

Ref Page Chapter 3: Number


Learning Objectives

In this chapter you will learn about:

 Non-positional number system


 Positional number system
 Decimal number system
 Binary number system
 Octal number system
 Hexadecimal number system

(Continued on next
slide)

Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 2/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Learning
Objectives
(Continued from previous slide..)

 Convert a number’s base


 Another base to decimal base
 Decimal base to another base
 Some base to another base
 Shortcut methods for converting
 Binary to octal number
 Octal to binary number
 Binary to hexadecimal number
 Hexadecimal to binary number
 Fractional numbers in binary number system

Ref Page 20 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 3/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Number Systems

Two types of number systems are:

 Non-positional number systems

 Positional number systems

Ref Page 20 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 4/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Non-positional Number Systems

 Characteristics
 Use symbols such as I for 1, II for 2, III for 3, IIII for
4, IIIII for 5, etc
 Each symbol represents the same value regardless
of its position in the number
 The symbols are simply added to find out the value
of a particular number

 Difficulty
 It is difficult to perform arithmetic with such a
number system

Ref Page 20 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 5/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Positional Number Systems

 Characteristics

 Use only a few symbols called digits

 These symbols represent different values depending


on the position they occupy in the number

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 20 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 6/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Positional Number Systems


(Continued from previous slide..)

 The value of each digit is determined by:


1. The digit itself
2. The position of the digit in the number
3. The base of the number system

(base = total number of digits in the number


system)
 The maximum value of a single digit is
always equal to one less than the value of
the base

Ref Page 21 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 7/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Decimal Number System

Characteristics
 A positional number system
 Has 10 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9). Hence, its base = 10
 The maximum value of a single digit is 9 (one
less than the value of the base)
 Each position of a digit represents a
specific power of the base (10)
 We use this number system in our
day-to-day life

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 21 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 8/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Decimal Number System


(Continued from previous slide..)

Example

258610 = (2 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (8 x 101) +


(6 x 100)

= 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6

Ref Page 21 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 9/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Binary Number System

Characteristics
 A positional number system
 Has only 2 symbols or digits (0 and 1). Hence its
base = 2
 The maximum value of a single digit is 1 (one less
than the value of the base)
 Each position of a digit represents a specific power
of the base (2)
 This number system is used in computers

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 21 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 10/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Binary Number
System
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example

101012 = (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) x (1 x 20)

= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1

= 2110

Ref Page 21 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 11/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Representing Numbers in Different Number


Systems

In order to be specific about which number system we


are referring to, it is a common practice to indicate the
base as a subscript. Thus, we write:

101012 = 2110

Ref Page 21 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 12/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Bit

 Bit stands for binary digit

 A bit in computer terminology means either a


0 or a 1

 A binary number consisting of n bits is called


an n-bit number

Ref Page 22 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 13/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Octal Number System

Characteristics
 A positional number system
 Has total 8 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
Hence, its base = 8
 The maximum value of a single digit is 7 (one less
than the value of the base
 Each position of a digit represents a specific power of
the base (8)

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 22 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 14/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Octal Number
System
(Continued from previous slide..)

 Since there are only 8 digits, 3 bits (23


= 8) are sufficient to represent any octal
number in binary

Example

20578 = (2 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (5 x 81)


+ (7 x 80)

= 1024 + 0 + 40 + 7

= 107110

Ref Page 22 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 15/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Hexadecimal Number System

Characteristics
 A positional number system
 Has total 16 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F). Hence its base = 16
 The symbols A, B, C, D, E and F represent the
decimal values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15
respectively
 The maximum value of a single digit is 15 (one less
than the value of the base)

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 22 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 16/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Hexadecimal Number System


(Continued from previous slide..)

 Each position of a digit represents a specific


power of the base (16)
 Since there are only 16 digits, 4 bits (24 = 16) are
sufficient to represent any hexadecimal number in
binary

Example
1AF16 = (1 x 162) + (A x 161) + (F x 160)
= 1 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 256 + 160 + 15
= 43110

Ref Page 22 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 17/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Converting a Number of Another Base to a


Decimal Number

Method

Step 1: Determine the column (positional) value of


each digit

Step 2: Multiply the obtained column values by


the digits in the corresponding columns

Step 3: Calculate the sum of these products

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 23 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 18/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Converting a Number of Another Base to


a Decimal Number
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example
47068 = ?10
Common
values
multiplied
47068 = 4 x 83 + 7 x 82 + 0 x 81 + 6 x 80 by the
corresponding
= 4 x 512 + 7 x 64 + 0 + 6 x 1 digits
= 2048 + 448 + 0 + 6 Sum of these
products
= 2502 10

Ref Page 23 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 19/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Converting a Decimal Number to a Number of


Another Base

Division-Remainder Method
Step 1: Divide the decimal number to be converted by
the value of the new base

Step 2: Record the remainder from Step 1 as the


rightmost digit (least significant digit) of the
new base number

Step 3: Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the


new base

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 25 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 20/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Converting a Decimal Number to a Number


of Another Base
(Continued from previous slide..)

Step 4: Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next


digit (to the left) of the new base number

Repeat Steps 3 and 4, recording remainders from right to


left, until the quotient becomes zero in Step 3

Note that the last remainder thus obtained will be the most
significant digit (MSD) of the new base number

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 25 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 21/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Converting a Decimal Number to a Number


of Another Base
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example
95210 = ?8

Solution:
Remainder
8 952
s 0
119
7
14
6
1
0 1

Hence, 95210 = 16708

Ref Page 26 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 22/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Converting a Number of Some Base to a


Number of Another Base

Method

Step 1: Convert the original


number to a decimal
number (base 10)
Step 2: Convert the decimal number so obtained to
the new base number

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 27 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 23/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Converting a Number of Some Base to a


Number of Another Base
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example
5456 = ?4

Solution:
Step 1: Convert from base 6 to base 10

5456 = 5 x 62 + 4 x 61 + 5 x 60
= 5 x 36 + 4 x 6 + 5 x 1
= 180 + 24 + 5
= 20910

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 27 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 24/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Converting a Number of Some Base to a


Number of Another Base
(Continued from previous slide..)

Step 2: Convert 20910 to base 4

4 209 Remainders
52 1
13 0
3 1
0 3

Hence, 20910 = 31014

So, 5456 = 20910 = 31014

Thus, 5456 = 31014

Ref Page 27 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 25/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary


Number to its Equivalent Octal Number

Method
Step 1: Divide the digits into groups of three
starting from the right

Step 2: Convert each group of three binary digits to


one octal digit using the method of binary to
decimal conversion

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 29 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 26/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary


Number to its Equivalent Octal Number
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example
11010102 = ?8

Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of 3


starting from right

001 101 010

Step 2: Convert each group into one octal

digit 0012 = 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 =

1
1012 = 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 5
0102 = 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 = 2

Hence, 11010102 = 1528


Ref Page 29 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 27/40
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Shortcut Method for Converting an Octal


Number to Its Equivalent Binary Number

Method
Step Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit binary
number (the octal digits may be treated as
1: decimal for this conversion)

Step 2: Combine all the binary groups


(of 3 resulting single binary
digits each) into
number a

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 30 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 28/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Shortcut Method for Converting an Octal


Number to Its Equivalent Binary Number
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example
5628 = ?2

Step 1: Convert each octal digit to 3 binary digits


58 = 1012, 68 = 1102, 28 = 0102

Step 2: Combine the binary groups


5628 = 101 110 010
5 6 2

Hence, 5628 = 1011100102

Ref Page 30 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 29/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary


Number to its Equivalent Hexadecimal
Number
Method

Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of four


starting from the right

Step 2: Combine each group of four binary digits to


one hexadecimal digit

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 30 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 30/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary


Number to its Equivalent Hexadecimal
Number
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example

1111012 = ?16

Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of four


starting from the right

0011 1101

Step 2: Convert each group into a hexadecimal digit


00112 = 0 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 20 =
310 = 316
11012 = 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 =
310 = D16

Hence, 1111012 = 3D16

Ref Page 31 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 31/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Shortcut Method for Converting a Hexadecimal


Number to its Equivalent Binary Number

Method

Step 1: Convert the decimal equivalent of each


hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary
number

Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups


(of 4 digits each) in a single binary number

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 31 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 32/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Shortcut Method for Converting a


Hexadecimal Number to its Equivalent Binary
Number
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example

2AB16 = ?2

Step 1: Convert each hexadecimal digit to a


4 digit binary number

= 00102
216 = 210
A16 = 1010 = 10102
B16 = 1110 = 10112

Ref Page 32 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 33/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Shortcut Method for Converting a


Hexadecimal Number to its Equivalent Binary
Number
(Continued from previous slide..)

Step 2: Combine the binary groups


2AB16 = 0010 1010 1011
2 A B

Hence, 2AB16 = 0010101010112

Ref Page 32 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 34/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Fractional Numbers

Fractional numbers are formed same way as


decimal number system
In general, a number in a number system with base
b
would be written as:
an an-1… a0 . a-1 a-2 … a-m

And would be interpreted to mean:


an x bn + an-1 x bn-1 + … + a0 x b0 + a-1 x b-1 + a-2 x b-2 +
… + a -m x b
-m
The symbols an, …, in above representation
an-1, a-m
should be one of the b symbols allowed in the
number system

Ref Page 33 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 35/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Formation of Fractional Numbers in


Binary Number System (Example)

Binary Point

Position 4 3 2 1 0 . -1 -2 -3 -4

Position Value 24 23 22 21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4

Quantity 16 8 4 2 1 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/
2 4 8 16
Represented

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 33 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 36/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Formation of Fractional Numbers in


Binary Number System (Example)
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example

110.1012 = 1 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 0 x 2-2 + 1 x 2-3


= 4 + 2 + 0 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.125
= 6.62510

Ref Page 33 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 37/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Formation of Fractional Numbers in


Octal Number System (Example)

Octal Point

Position 3 2 1 0 . -1 -2 -3

Position Value 83 82 81 80 8-1 8-2 8-3

Quantity 512 64 8 1 1/ 1/ 1/
8 64 512
Represented

(Continued on next
slide)

Ref Page 33 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 38/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Formation of Fractional Numbers in


Octal Number System (Example)
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example

127.548 = 1 x 82 + 2 x 81 + 7 x 80 + 5 x 8-1 + 4
x 8-2
= 64 + 16 + 7 + 5/8 + 4/64
= 87 + 0.625 + 0.0625
= 87.687510

Ref Page 33 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 39/40


Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Key Words/Phrases

 Base  Least Significant Digit (LSD)


 Binary number system  Memory dump
 Binary point  Most Significant Digit (MSD)
 Bit  Non-positional number
 Decimal number system system
 Division-Remainder technique  Number system
 Fractional numbers  Octal number system
 Hexadecimal number system  Positional number
system

Ref Page 34 Chapter 3: Number Systems Slide 40/40

You might also like