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Linear Momentum Impulse

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18 views15 pages

Linear Momentum Impulse

Uploaded by

codi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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1.

Introduction
2. Physical Quantities
3. Kinematics
4. Forces & Universal
Gravitation
5. Work, Energy and Power
6. Linear Momentum and Collision
7. Fluid Mechanics
LINEAR MOMENTUM
Momentum
• From Newton’s laws: force must be present to change an
object’s velocity (speed and/or direction)
 Wish to consider effects of collisions and corresponding change
in velocity
Golf ball initially at rest, so
some of the KE of club
transferred to provide motion
of golf ball and its change in
velocity

 Method to describe is to use concept of linear momentum

Linear momentum = product of mass velocity


scalar vector
Momentum

p  mv
• Vector quantity, the direction of the
momentum is the same as the velocity’s
• Inertia in motion
• Applies to two-dimensional motion as well
p x  mv x and p y 
mv Size
y of momentum: depends upon mass
depends upon velocity
LINEAR MOMENTUM
Can be thought of as the effort you need to
stop an object from moving.
Determined by two factors:
1. The object’s inertia (mass)
2. The object’s velocity

For example, a heavy truck has more


momentum than a light car travelling at
the same speed.
It takes a greater force to stop the truck in
a given time than it does to stop the car
LINEAR MOMENTUM
 Physical Properties
 Symbol: p
 Type: Derived, Vector
 Dimension: [M*L/T]
 SI unit: kg m/s
MOMENTUM and NEWTON’S 2nd LAW
OF MOTION
• Newton's Second Law can be written in terms of
the momentum of a particle.

• but p = mv, so much Δp = mΔv

• Thus the net force acting on a particle equals the


time rate change of the particle's linear
momentum
MOMENTUM and NEWTON’S 2nd LAW
OF MOTION

This is how Newton originally stated his second


law!

mutatio motus –”change of motion”, caused by the


force impressed
Impulse
In order to change the momentum of an object
(say, golf ball), a force must be applied
The time rate of change of momentum of an object
is equal to the net force acting on it

– p m(v  v i )
F n et  t  t  m a or :  p 
f
Fn e t t
– Gives an alternative statement of Newton’s second law
– (F Δt) is defined as the impulse
– Impulse is a vector quantity, the direction is the same as
the direction of the force
Impulse
Impulse has the dimensions of momentum—that is,
ML/T.

NOTE:
impulse is not a property of a particle; rather, it is a
measure of the degree to which an external force
changes the momentum of the particle. Therefore,
when we say that an impulse is given to a particle,
we mean that momentum is transferred from an
external agent to that particle.
Example: Impulse Applied to Auto
Collisions
• The most important factor is the collision time or the
time it takes the person to come to a rest
– This will reduce the chance of dying in a car crash
• Ways to increase the time
– Seat belts
– Air bags

 The air bag increases the time of the collision and


absorbs some of the energy from the body
Physical Properties:
• Symbol: I
• Type: Derived, Vector Quantity
• Formula:
• I = F Δt = F (tf – ti)
• Dimension [F*T]; SI Units: N*s
(Newton*second)
– 1 N*s = 1 kg m/s2 *s= 1 kg m/s
Impulse is associated with the forces of
interaction during collisions.

During the time of collision(very small), the


force is very large. At other times, the force
is very small.
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM RELATIONS
I net = F Δt
I net = Δp = pf – pi

The average force for the time interval tf – ti is defined


as
Fav = I / Δt

The average force is the constant force that gives the


same impulse as the actual force in the time interval
Δt.
This time is often estimated using the distance
travelled by one of the objects during the collision.
Problem: Teeing Off

A 50-g golf ball at rest is hit


by “Big Bertha” club with
500-g mass. After the
collision, golf leaves with
velocity of 50 m/s.

a) Find impulse imparted to


ball
b) Assuming club in contact
with ball for 0.5 ms, find
average force acting on golf
ball

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