EXOGENIC

PROCESSES
The Earth’s surface is constantly
changing. There are processes
involved in sculpting the Earth’s
surface, such as weathering, mass
wasting, erosion, transportation, and
deposition.
 1. Describe how rocks undergo
weathering.
2. Explain how the products of
weathering are carried by
erosion and deposited
elsewhere.
3. Make a report on how rocks and
soil move down slope due to the
direct action of gravity.
4. Describe the Philippine soil.
5. Devise ways to facilitate own
Learning learning.
Competencies: 6. Display scientific values and
attitudes.

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Large Image Slide
WHAT IS EXOGENIC PROCESS?
 Exogenic Process – these are processes that take
place at or near surface, that makes the surface wear
away.

 Endogenic Process – are geodynamic processes

(seismic activities)

 Include degradation and aggradation processes.

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WHAT IS EXOGENIC PROCESS?
 Degradation:
 Weathering
 Mass wasting
 Transportation
 Erosion
 Aggradation:
 Deposition

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WEATHERING
 The physical breakdown and/or chemical
alteration of rocks at or near the Earth’s
surface is referred to as weathering.
 Weathering can be mechanical or
chemical.
 Mechanical weathering or
disintegration is the breaking up of large
rocks into smaller fragments without
changing the rock’s mineral composition.
 Chemical weathering decomposes rocks
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FROST WEDGING/FROST
WEATHERING
Occurs in regions where
temperature fluctuates above
and below freezing point.
Water that enters through rock’s MECHANICAL
spaces expands when it freezes. WEATHERING
When ice thaws, water can flow
further into the cracks.
Repeated freeze-thaw cycle
weakens the rock.

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FROST WEDGING/FROST
WEATHERING

MECHANICAL
WEATHERING

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FROST WEDGING/FROST
WEATHERING

MECHANICAL
WEATHERING

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THERMAL
STRESS/INSOLATION
WEATHERING
Results from the expansion and
contraction of rocks caused by
temperature changes.
The outer surface of the rocks is
often warmer or colder than the MECHANICAL
inner portions. WEATHERING
The process of peeling off is
called exfoliation.

Note: warmer in warmer regions,

cooler in cooler regions
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OXIDATION
Oxygen dissolved in water will
oxidize some minerals.
Lose of Electron is Oxidation
(LEO)
CHEMICAL
Fe²→Fe³+e-
Iron-rich minerals are prone to WEATHERING
oxidation.
Reddish-brown rust will appear
on the surface which easily
crumbs and weakens the rock.

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OXIDATION

CHEMICAL
WEATHERING

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HYDROLYSIS
Affects carbonate minerals
Hydro – water, lysis – to dissolve
The new mineral appears to be
chalky.
CHEMICAL
WEATHERING

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CARBONATION
Carbon dioxide dissolved in
rainwater creates carbonic
acid.
Carbonic acid reacts with
calcium carbonate which
forms calcium bicarbonate.
CHEMICAL
WEATHERING

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BIOLOGICAL ACTION

CHEMICAL
WEATHERING

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MASS WASTING
 movement of rocks, soil, and regolith
 A step that follows weathering
 Driving force: gravity

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ROCK AND DEBRIS FALL
Rock fall occur when a piece of
rock or mass of rock becomes
dislodged and makes free-fall TYPES OF
along steep cliff.
Debris fall involves a mixture of
MASS
soil and vegetation WASTING

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ROCK AND DEBRIS FALL

TYPES OF
MASS
WASTING

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 cohesive mass of soil, rock, or
regolith
Caused by failure
Two types: translational slides
and rotational slides
Translational slides –
movement of a mass of
materials along a well-defined TYPES OF
surface such as bedding plane,
foliation surface, or joint surface.
MASS
Rotational slides or slumps – WASTING
occur when the descending
materials move along a
concave, upward curved
surface.
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LANDSLIDES

TYPES OF
MASS
WASTING

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Materials behave as a liquid
Commonly occur in humid areas
Classification according to
composition: slurry flows and
granular flows
Slurry flows – composed of a
mixture of rocks/or regolith with TYPES OF
20% to 40% water.
Granular flows – contain 0 to
MASS
20% water WASTING

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Mass wasting is a natural process.
Removal of vegetation HUMAN AND
Oversteepening of slope MASS
Addition of moisture WASTING

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EROSION
 Transforming materials (sediments) from
place to place by its agents
 Forces: water, wind, ice
 Opposite of deposition

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Water: primary agent of erosion
Wind: carries dust, sand, and
AGENTS OF
ash from one place to another EROSION
Ice: mostly in the form of glacier

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Splash erosion – raindrops
cause tiny particles of soil to be
detached and to move out.

TYPES OF
WATER
EROSION

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Sheet erosion – raindrops
break apart the soil structure
which moves down the slope as
water flows overland as sheet.

TYPES OF
WATER
EROSION

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Gully erosion – after heavy
rain, water flows in narrow
channels, eroding gullies into
great depth.

TYPES OF
WATER
EROSION

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Valley erosion – continuous
water flow alongside land and
move downward, which deepens
a valley.

TYPES OF
WATER
EROSION

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Bank erosion – continuous flow
of water wears out stones along
the bank of streams and rivers.

TYPES OF
WATER
EROSION

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Coastline erosion – waves
from the ocean and seas crash
against the shore, pounding the
rocks into pebbles and reducing
the pebbles to sand. Sand is also
removed from the beaches,
which changes the coastline.
TYPES OF
WATER
EROSION

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Seaside cliff erosion – the
striking of ocean waves erodes
seaside cliffs, forming hales that
create caves. Continuous
pounding of waves may create
an arch that may fall, leaving
nothing but rock columns called
sea stocks. TYPES OF
WATER
EROSION

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Seaside cliff erosion

TYPES OF
WATER
EROSION

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Wind carries dust, sand, and ash
from one place to another;
polishes rocks and cliffs.
Most common in deserts and
beaches.
Affected by land condition.
Causes sand dunes and
EROSION BY
ventifacts. WIND
Can be damaging

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Can erode land through:
 Plucking: fractured bedrocks are
incorporated into the ice.
 Abrasion: happens when ice and EROSION BY
its load of rock fragments slide
over a bedrock. ICE
Glaciers carriers moraine.

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Climate
Topography FACTORS
Vegetation IMPACTING
Tectonic Activity EROSION

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distinct ways:
Solution – materials are
dissolved in water and carried
along by water.
Suspension – the suspended
particles are carried by a
medium (air, water or ice)
Traction – particles may be TRANSPORTATIO
rolling, sliding, and shuffling N
along eroded surface
movements occurs in all
erosional agents.
Saltation – particles move from
the surface to the medium in
quick repeated cycles.
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 Deposition – the process in
which the weathered materials
carried out by erosion settle
down in a particular location.

DEPOSITION

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HOW DELTAS ARE FORMED

Deltas – are formed when a river

loses energy as it flows to an
area of slow moving water, such
as lake or sea.
WATER AND
LANDFORMS

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 FORMED

Alluvial Fans – are formed when

a stream reaches a flat area
called piedmont or gently
sloping plain.
WATER AND
LANDFORMS

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materials in the shape of hills or
ridges. Dunes are formed in
deserts or above low-lying
coasts where sand is constantly
renewed by onshore winds
flowing across the sandy
beaches.
WIND AND
LANDFORMS

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 Thank You
MARY ELIZABETH M. CRUZ
09223334444

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