ICT NOTES

BY: MUHAMMAD RASHID

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS (IT)

 Computer Technology
 History of Computers
 Types of Computers
 Generations of Computers
 Hardware/Software
COMPUTER

Commonly Operating Machine

Particularly Used for Technical
Education & Research
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

ABACUS
Simple calculating machine
5000
Addition and subtraction
Wooden rack (horizontal wires with beads)
Definition
Abacus was a simple calculating device. It was developed 5000 years ago.
It was used to perform simple addition and subtraction. Abacus was a
wooden rack. It contained horizontal wires with beads strung on them. The
bead across the wires could move easily. These beads were moved across
the wires, according to specified rules to perform the simple arithmetic
operation.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
NAPIER’S BONES To calculate 3×2
John Napier (Scottish mathematician)
Created logarithm table
Device consist of rod and slide rule
Slide rule use the concept of logarithms
Calculate square root, sine, cosine, tangent
Used till middle of 1970’s
Definition
John Napier was a Scottish mathematician. He created logarithm tables for
arithmetic calculating. He also developed a calculating device using rod,
knows as Napier bones. The calculating device “slide rule” was also
developed using the concept of logarithms. The slide rule could be used to
perform simple arithmetic operation. It was also used to calculate square root,
log, cosine, and tangent. The slide rule was used till the middle of 1970’s.
PASCAL LINE CALCULATOR
 Pascal ( French scientist )
 First mechanical calculating
 Consist of wheels and gear
 Each wheel displayed 0 to 9
 Addition and subtraction multiplication division
 Not reliable and accurate result
 Definition

Pascal was a French scientist. He invented the fort mechanical calculating

machine. This calculating device was named as pascaline calculator. This
calculator machine consisted of a series of wheel or gears. Each wheel
displayed digit from 0 to 9. this calculating machine performed arithmetic
operation and displayed the number by rotation of different wheel was rotated
in steps.
The pascal calculating machine could only perform the addition and
COMPUTER DEFINED

Computer is an electronic device, which is capable of:

o Receiving the input
o Processing the data on the basis of given set of instructions
o Producing the Output
o Storing the information (if needed)
NECESSARY COMPONENTS

HARDWARE
Those physical parts of computer which we can touch and
Use are called Hardware.
SOFTWARE
Those parts of computer which we can use but cannot touch
are called software. These are two types of software.
1. System software
2. Application software
Combination of hardware and Software is called Computer.
CHARLES BABBAGE
(FATHER OF COMPUTER)
o Charles Babbage (British-mathematician polymath)
o Invented Analytical Engine in 1822
o Analytical Engine contained:
o ALU (arithmetic logic unit), basic flow control,
and integrated memory
o First general purpose computer concept
MECHANICAL CALCULATOR OR
CALCULATING MACHINE
 In 1800, Charles Babbage designed two new kinds of
mechanical calculators.

 Which were so big that they required the power of a steam

engine to operate.

 First one was an automatic mechanical calculator,

his difference engine.

 The second one was a programmable mechanical calculator,

his analytical engine.
 DIFFERENCE ENGINE ANALYTIC
ENGINE
GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

 These Computers Are Designed To Solve Wide Variety Of Problem

From Different Field .
 These Computers Are Used For Different Purpose Like Inventory
Control, Record Keeping, Accounting Payroll, Etc.
SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

 These computers systems are used only for specific purpose or

application.
Computers used for process control in a industry
Bio Medical X-ray instrument used for x-ray.
BASIC TASK OF COMPUTER

 Basic task of computer is to convert DATA (meaningless) into

INFORMATION (meaningful).

INFORMATIO
DATA N
10. At Home
 Now a days computer speed is being measured using clock
frequency of MHZ or GHZ

And 1 GHZ = 1000 MHZ

1 MHZ = 1000 KHZ
1 KHZ = 1000 Hertz or 1000 pulses per second

And computer normally requires 12 pulses for single read,

write and execute operation

So if computer processor is working on speed of 1MHZ than

how many operations can be performed in 1 second if
all operations is of 12 T-states?

1*10^6 = 1000000/12 = 83333 operations (approximately if

all operations is of 12 t-states or pulses)
TYPES OF COMPUTER

 There are three type of Computer

 Digital Computers
 Analog Computers
 Hybrid Computers,
DIGITAL COMPUTER

 The digital computer is the most widely used and used to process data with
numbers using digits, usually utilizing the binary number system.
 A digital computer intended to do calculations and logical operations at a high
rate. It takes the raw data as digits or amounts and procedures using applications
stored in its memory to make output. All modern computers such as laptops and
desktops we use at office or home are digital computers.
 It works on data, such as magnitudes, letters, and symbols, which expressed in
binary code–i.e., with just the two digits 1 and 0. By counting, comparing, and
manipulating those digits or their mixtures by a pair of instructions stored in its
memory, a digital computer may perform such tasks to control industrial
processes and also control the operations of machinery; examine and organize
vast amounts of company data; and mimic the behaviour of dynamic systems
(e.g., international climate patterns and chemical reactions) in scientific study.
 Digital computer supplies accurate result but they’re slow compared to an
analogue computer.
ANALOG COMPUTER

 Everything we hear and see is changing continuously. This variable

continuous stream of data is known as analogue data. Analog
computer may be used in scientific and industrial applications
such as to measure the electric current, frequency and resistance
of the capacitor, etc..
 Analogue computers directly accept the data in the measuring
device without first converting it into codes and numbers.
 Cases of analogue computer are temperature, pressure, telephone
lines, Speedometer, immunity of capacitor, frequency of signal and
voltage, etc..
HYBRID COMPUTER

 A hybrid computer which combines the aspects of a digital

computer and an analogue computer. It’s quick like an analogue
computer and contains memory and precision like digital
computers. It’s intended to incorporate a functioning analogue unit
that’s effective for calculations, nevertheless has a readily
accessible digital memory. In large businesses and companies, a
hybrid computer may be employed to integrate logical operations
in addition to provide efficient processing of differential equations.
 For instance, a gas pump includes a chip that converts the
dimensions of fuel flow to volume and cost.
 A hybrid computer is used in hospitals to gauge the heartbeat of
this individual.
EXAMPLES OF HYBRID
COMPUTER
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER

 Microcomputer
 Minicomputer
 Supercomputer
 Mainframe computer
 MAINFRAME COMPUTERS:
The mainframe denotes the sort of computer which runs a whole
corporation. The Mainframe computers can accommodate in large
air-conditioned rooms because of its dimensions in the current
world, where all of the companies, trades, and communications are
real-time.
So to do all this endeavor, a highly effective computer need on the
host side, which processes the directions and supplies the output in
moments. According to the use of computers in the modern world,
we could use classifications pc in Supercomputer, Mainframe
Computer, and Mini Computer and microcomputer types. A
mainframe computer is stronger than Mini and Microcomputer, but
stronger than Supercomputer. A mainframe computer used at large
businesses.
The main distinction between a supercomputer and a mainframe is
that a supercomputer stations all its power to execute a program as
quickly as possible. In contrast, a mainframe uses its capability to
run many applications simultaneously. In specific ways, mainframes
are more effective than supercomputers because they encourage
more simultaneous applications. However, supercomputers can do
one program faster than a mainframe.
POPULAR MAINFRAME
COMPUTERS
 • IBM 1400 series.
 • 700/7000 series.
 • System/360.
 • System/370.
 • IBM 308X.
 SUPER COMPUTERS: –

Supercomputer
A supercomputer is the fastest computer on earth that could
process a considerable number of information very quickly. The
calculating Performance of a supercomputer quantified in
FLOPS (which is floating-point operations per minute) rather
than MIPS.
 These computers will be massive regarding the size.
A most potent supercomputer could occupy several
feet to hundreds of feet. The supercomputer cost is
exceptionally high, and they can range from two lakh
buck to over 100 million dollars.
 Supercomputers were released in the 1960s and
developed by Seymour Cray together with the Atlas
at the University of Manchester. The Cray made CDC
1604 that has been the first supercomputer on earth,
and it replenishes vacuum tubing with transistors.
USES OF SUPERCOMPUTERS

 Weather Forecasting
 Scientific Research
 The Top Five Popular Supercomputers
 • JAGUAR, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
 • NEBULAE, China
 • ROADRUNNER, Los Alamos National Laboratory
 • KRAKEN, National Institute for Computational Sciences
 • JUGENE, Juelich Supercomputing Centre, Germany
 MINICOMPUTER:
 A minicomputer also referred to as miniature. It’s a
category of little computers which has introduced to the
world from the mid-1960s. Minicomputers used by small
businesses. A minicomputer is a computer that has all
of the qualities of a considerable size pc, but its size is
significantly smaller compared to those. A minicomputer
can also be known as a mid-range pc. Minicomputers
are primarily multi-users systems where more than one
user can operate concurrently.
 Minicomputer can encourage multi-users at one
time, or you’ll be able to state that minicomputer
is a multiprocessing system.
 Additionally, the ability of processing of
minicomputers isn’t more significant than the
energy of mainframe and supercomputers.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
MINICOMPUTERS
 • Tablet PCs
 • Smartphones
 • Notebooks
 • Touch Screen Pads
 • High-End Music Plays
 • Desktop Mini Computers
MICROCOMPUTER:
Micro Computer is a little computer. Your private
machines are equal to the microcomputer. Mainframe
and Mini Computer is the ancestor of all
microcomputers. Integrated Circuit manufacturing
technology reduces the size of Mainframe and
Minicomputer.

Technically, a microcomputer is a computer where the

CPU (central processing unit ( the brains of the
machine) comprised of a single processor, a
microprocessor, input/output apparatus, and storage
(memory) unit. These elements are essential to get
the proper functioning of the microcomputer.
Micro-computers especially created for general
usages like entertainment, education, and work
purposes. Well, known Method of a ‘ Microcomputers.
TYPES OF MICRO COMPUTER

 • Desktop computers
 • laptops
 • personal digital assistant (PDA)
 • tablets
 • telephones
 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

 First Generation (1942-1955):-

 Second Generation (1955-1964):-
 Third Generation(l 964-1975)
 Fourth Generation Computer(1975-Present)
 Fifth Generation(AI)(1980-1990)
1ST GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS (1942-1955)
2ND GENERATION
COMPUTERS (1955 - 1964)
3RD GENERATION COMPUTERS
(1964 - 1975)
4TH GENERATION COMPUTERS
(1975 TO PRESENT)
5TH GENERATION COMPUTERS
(NOW AND FUTURE)
WHAT IS COMPUTER SOFTWARE?

 Computer software helps the computer to perform the task using

programs. It is generally a language that a computer understands.

 Software is a set of instructions that helps the user to interact with
the computer. Computer software and hardware go hand in
hand. Without hardware, the software cannot work and vice versa
WHY DO WE NEED SOFTWARE?

 In this era of software technology, the software is very useful and

important in day-to-day life. Software is everywhere starting from
TV, Mobile, Computers, Electrical appliances, Alarm clock, etc.
 Software applications are developed to enhance our life. We make
use of it on websites, simulators, electronic devices which helps us
save time and money.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOFTWARE

 In the world of technology, we come across various software that

helps us to make our lives easier and help our business grow.
Software plays a very important role in computer technology.
 If there was no web browser software, we would not be able to
access the internet on our computer.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE

 System software acts as a middle layer between the user and a

computer. They communicate with all the hardware components in
the computer and also control the CPU, memory, and other
devices.
 When we switch on the computer the system software is the first
application that gets initialized and hence it manages the entire
computer system.
 This system software is loaded in memory and keeps running in
the background. Two main types of system software are the
Operating system and utility software.
 Utility software is installed with an operating system. Both
software is dependent on each other and does not work
independently. Some of the utility software are compilers, editors,
and drivers.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING
SYSTEMS
 There are many operating system programs, e.g.
 Microsoft Windows
 Windows 95
 Windows 98
 Windows NT
 Windows Millennium
 Windows 2000
 Windows XP
 Windows Vista
 Windows 7
 Unix
 Linux
 MacOS
UTILITY SOFTWARE

 Utility software is used by the computer to accomplish

specific tasks.
 Examples of utilities are:
 Antivirus software, e.g. Norton, Dr. Solomon, McAfee, AVG, Panda,
Avast - for checking and protecting a computer against viruses.
 Scandisk - for checking the integrity of disks.
 Disk Defragmenter - for correcting disks that have become
fragmented.
 Device drivers - for effecting communication between input/output
units, (e.g. keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer) and the CPU.
APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE

 This is software in a computer which users employ to do their

work.
 Whereas a computer may have one Operating System software, it
always has several Applications software, all being serviced by the
same Operating System.
 Applications software interacts with users directly – it is the one
which knows how to manipulate data the way the user wants it to
be.
 It does not have the capacity to control or interact with the
hardware directly.
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS
SOFTWARE
 Word processors, e.g. Microsoft Word, Amipro, WordStar,
WordPerfect.
 Spreadsheets, e.g. Microsoft Excel, Lotus.
 Databases, e.g. Microsoft Access, Paradox, dBase 7.
 Financial analysis software, e.g. Pastel.
 Payroll software, e.g. MicroPay
 Computer games
WHAT IS COMPUTER HARDWARE?

 Several components in a computer working together are

called hardware. It consists of mechanical devices such as CPU,
keyboard, mouse, speaker, monitor, printer, hard disk, and so on.
All these devices can be touched and felt.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF HARDWARE
 There are a lot of hardware devices available but we need to select
the right device with the correct specification to get the best
performance results.
 All the devices vary in size, cost, and specification. We need to
choose the compatible one.

Some of the different types of hardware are –

INPUT DEVICES

 With the help of these devices, data is provided to the computer.

They feed the data such as text, image, sound and helps in file
transfers between different devices and the computer.
OUTPUT DEVICES

 This is a device that converts information to a human-readable

format. These devices are normally used for display.
 It extracts the information from the computer and displays it to the
user. The monitor is the most prominent output device.
STORAGE DEVICES

 These are the devices that help to store the data and are further subdivided
into primary and secondary memory.
 RAM (Random Access Memory) is the primary memory and it retains data
only when the computer is switched on.
 All the instructions are read and executed from the memory through the
central processing unit and accelerated processing unit.
 Secondary memory does not directly communicate with the microprocessor.
This type of memory is non-volatile and is subdivided into two categories.
They are
 Internal device – These devices are always placed on the computer. Hard
disk
 External devices – These are external devices that are connected to the
computer using plug and play. An external hard disk
RAM

 RAM is temporary storage.

 When power is switched off, everything is erased from RAM.
 Functions of RAM include the following:
 Receiving raw data from input.
 Receiving processed data from the ALU.
 Storing instructions required by the CU.
 Holding data awaiting output.
 Holding data awaiting storage.
ROM

 ROM stores instructions that are used to start the computer.

 Instructions in ROM cannot be erased.
 During startup, the computer follows instructions in ROM to
do the following:
 Read the amount of RAM present.
 Check that monitor, keyboard and mouse are connected and working.
 Check that components on the motherboard are working properly.
 Check that the hard disk drive is connected and working.
 Load the operating system software in RAM from storage.
NUMBER SYSTEM

 Binary Number System

 Octal Number System
 Decimal Number System
 Inter Conversions
 Addition/Subtraction
DIFFERENT COMPUTER PARTS

 Input & Output Devices

 Keyboard
 Pointing Devices
 Monitor
 RAM
 ROM
STORAGE

 Overview
 Types of Storage
 Hard Drives
 Optical Drives
 Flash Drives
 Other Types of Storage
SOFTWARE

 System Software
 Operating System
 Types of OS
 Application Software
 Basics of Application Software
COMPUTER NETWORK

 What is a Network?
 A network consist of two or more computers that are linked in
order to share resources, exchange files, or allow electronic
communication.
LAN ( LOCAL AREA NETWORK )

 A Local Area Network (LAN) Is A Network That Is

Confined To A Relatively Small Area. It Is Generally
Limited To A Geographic Areas Such As Writing Lab,
School, Building.
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

 A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects

users with computer resources in a geographic area or region
larger than that covered by even a larger local area network (LAN)
but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN).