SAMPLING

TECHNIQUES
In Statistics, sampling method or sampling technique is the
process of studying the population by gathering
information and analyzing that data

It is the basis of the data where the sample space is

enormous
What is Probability
Sampling?
❑ The probability sampling method utilizes some form of
random selection

❑ In this method, all the eligible individuals have a chance of

selecting the sample from the whole sample space

❑ This method is more time consuming and expensive than the

non-probability sampling method

❑ The benefit of using probability sampling is that it guarantees

the sample that should be the representative of the
population.
Probability Sampling Types

❑ Probability Sampling methods are further classified into

different types, such as:

✔ simple random sampling

✔ systematic sampling

✔ stratified sampling; and

✔ clustered sampling
Simple Random Sampling

❑ In simple random sampling technique, every item in the

population has an equal and likely chance of being selected in
the sample.

❑ Since the item selection entirely depends on the chance, this

method is known as “Method of chance Selection”.

❑ As the sample size is large, and the item is chosen randomly,

it is known as “Representative Sampling”.
Simple Random Sampling

Example

Suppose we want to select a simple random sample of 200

students from school. Here, we can assign a number to every
student in the school database from 1 to 500 and use a random
number generator to select a sample of 200 numbers
Systematic Sampling

❑ In the systematic sampling method, the items are selected

from the target population by selecting the random selection
point and selecting the other methods after a fixed sample
interval.
❑ It is calculated by dividing the total population size by the
desired population size.
Systematic Sampling

Example

Suppose the names of 300 students of a school are sorted in the

reverse alphabetical order. To select a sample in a systematic
sampling method, we have to choose 15 students by randomly
selecting a starting number, say 5. From number 5 onwards,
will select every 15th person from the sorted list. Finally, we can
end up with a sample of some students
Systematic Sampling

Slovin’s Formula

n = 171.43 or
171
Stratified Sampling

❑ In a stratified sampling method, the total population is divided

into smaller groups to complete the sampling process.

❑ The small group is formed based on a few characteristics in the

population.

❑ After separating the population into a smaller group, the

statisticians randomly select the sample.
Stratified Sampling

❑ Sample question: You work for a small company of 1,000

people and want to find out how they are saving for retirement.
Use stratified random sampling to obtain your sample.

Step 1: Decide how you want to stratify

(divide up) your population. For example,
people in their twenties might have different
saving strategies than people in their fifties
Stratified Sampling

❑ Sample question: You work for a small company of 1,000

people and want to find out how they are saving for retirement.
Use stratified random sampling to obtain your sample.

Step 2: Make a table representing

your strata. The following table shows age
groups and how many people in the population are
in that strata
Age Total No. of People in Strata
20-29 160
30-39 220
40-49 240
50-59 200
60+ 180
Stratified Sampling
❑ Sample question: You work for a small company of 1,000
people and want to find out how they are saving for retirement.
Use stratified random sampling to obtain your sample.

n = 285.71
n = 286
Stratified Sampling
❑ Sample question: You work for a small company of 1,000
people and want to find out how they are saving for retirement.
Use stratified random sampling to obtain your sample.

Step 4: Use the stratified sample

formula (Sample size of the strata = size of entire
sample / population size * layer size) to calculate
the proportion of people from each group
Stratified Sampling
❑ Sample question: You work for a small company of 1,000
people and want to find out how they are saving for retirement.
Use stratified random sampling to obtain your sample.
*Sample size of the strata = size of entire sample /
population size * layer size

Age Total No. of People in No. of People in Sample

Strata
20-29 160 286/1000 * 160 = 45.76 or 46
30-39 220 286/1000 * 220 = 62.92 or 63
40-49 240 286/1000 * 240 = 68.64 or 69
50-59 200 286/1000 * 200 = 57.2 or 57
60+ 180 286/1000 * 180 = 51.48 or 51
Clustered Sampling

❑ In the clustered sampling method, the cluster or group of

people are formed from the population set. The group has
similar significatory characteristics. Also, they have an equal
chance of being a part of the sample.

❑ This method uses simple random sampling for the cluster of

population.
Clustered Sampling
What is Non-Probability Sampling

❑ The non-probability sampling method is a technique in which

the researcher selects the sample based on subjective
judgment rather than the random selection.

❑ In this method, not all the members of the population have a

chance to participate in the study.
Non-Probability Sampling Types

❑ Non-probability Sampling methods are further classified into

different types, such as:
✔ convenience sampling

✔ consecutive sampling

✔ judgmental sampling
✔ snowball sampling
✔ quota sampling
Convenience Sampling

❑ In a convenience sampling method, the samples are selected

from the population directly because they are conveniently
available for the researcher.

❑ The samples are easy to select, and the researcher did not
choose the sample that outlines the entire population.
Convenience Sampling

Examples of convenience sampling include online and social

media surveys, asking acquaintances, and surveying people in a
mall, on the street, and in other crowded locations.

A classic example of convenience sampling is the Pepsi

Challenge. Originally, the Pepsi Challenge was a blind taste test
conducted at shopping malls, stores, and other public venues.
Participants taste unmarked cups containing Coca-Cola and Pepsi
and then indicate their preference
Convenience Sampling
Consecutive Sampling

❑ Consecutive sampling is similar to convenience sampling with a

slight variation.

❑ The researcher picks a single person or a group of people for

sampling.

❑ Then the researcher researches for a period of time to analyze

the result and move to another group if needed
Consecutive Sampling
Consecutive Sampling

❑ For example, a researcher who wants to interview people

currently staying in a hotel can approach each person who
exits an elevator or enters the hotel lobby and ask them if they
would like to participate in the study. This method is sometimes
used by market researchers to gain feedback from consumers
about products.
Consecutive Sampling

Let us assume that you are a teacher in a classroom full of

students and your job is to measure the heights of all the
students in the class. To achieve this, you are going to ask every
student to stand up, one at a time.

Then, you’ll measure their height and record it on your clipboard.

Once you’ve measured the first student, you’ll ask the next
student to stand up and take another measurement.

The process will continue until all of the students have been
measured. This is consecutive sampling.
Quota Sampling

❑ In the quota sampling method, the researcher forms a sample

that involves the individuals to represent the population based
on specific traits or qualities.

❑ The researcher chooses the sample subsets that bring the

useful collection of data that generalizes the entire population

❑ Note that quota sampling only provides information about the

responding sample. Unlike probability sampling, quota
sampling cannot be generalized to the wider population and is
at high risk for research bias
Quota Sampling
Purposive or Judgmental Sampling

❑ In purposive sampling, the samples are selected only based on

the researcher’s knowledge.

❑ As their knowledge is instrumental in creating the samples,

there are the chances of obtaining highly accurate answers
with a minimum marginal error.

❑ It is also known as judgmental sampling or authoritative

sampling
Purposive or Judgmental Sampling

❑ The first and most obvious example of purposive sampling is

choosing skilled candidates for a vacancy
Snowball Sampling

❑ Snowball sampling is also known as a chain-referral sampling

technique.
❑ In this method, the samples have traits that are difficult to find.
So, each identified member of a population is asked to find the
other sampling units. Those sampling units also belong to the
same targeted population.
Snowball Sampling
Probability sampling vs Non-probability Sampling Methods

Probability Sampling Methods Non-probability Sampling Methods

Probability Sampling is a sampling Non-probability sampling method is a technique

technique in which samples taken from a in which the researcher chooses samples based
larger population are chosen based on on subjective judgment, preferably random
probability theory. selection.

These are also known as Random sampling These are also called non-random sampling
methods. methods.
Probability sampling vs Non-probability Sampling Methods

These are used for research which is These are used for research which is
conclusive. exploratory.

These involve a long time to get the data. These are easy ways to collect the data
quickly.

There is an underlying hypothesis in

probability sampling before the study The hypothesis is derived later by
starts. Also, the objective of this method is conducting the research study in the
to validate the defined hypothesis.
case of non-probability sampling.