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    Mod.1-2 Earthquakes and Faults

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    jamia mangotara

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    Mod.1-2 Earthquakes and Faults

    Uploaded by

    jamia mangotara
    3 views37 pages

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    Copyright:

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    3 views37 pages

    Mod.1-2 Earthquakes and Faults

    Uploaded by

    jamia mangotara

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 37

    EARTHQUAKES

    AND FAULTS
    WHY DO WE NEED TO LEARN ABOUT
    EARTHQUAKES?
    EARTHQUAKE
    - The shaking or
    trembling caused by the
    sudden release of
    energy.
    - It occur when rocks
    along a fault suddenly
    move.
    STRESS IN EARTH‘S CRUST

    STRESS – a force that squeezes


    rocks together, stretches or
    pulls them apart, or pushes
    them in different directions.
    As tectonic plates move, they
    cause stress in the crust, which
    in turn produces faults and
    folds.
    WHERE DO EARTHQUAKES OCCURS?
    FAULTS
    A fault is a break in the Earth’s crust along which significant
    movement has taken place.
    HOW DO FAULTS PRODUCE QUAKES?
    THREE TYPES OF FAULTS
    - forms as a result of
    tension.
    - The rock layers in the
    Earth’s crust are
    pulled apart, and
    gravity causes one
    section to move
    downward in relation
    to other.
    - forms as a result of
    compression.
    - The rock layers in the
    Earth’s crust are
    squeezed together,
    and the force pushes
    one section upward
    in relation to the
    other.
    - forms when the rock
    layers on opposite
    sides of a fault slides
    past each other
    horizontally.
    - This type of fault is
    sometimes called as
    tear, wrench or
    transcurrent fault..
    HOW DO FAULTS PRODUCES
    QUAKES?
    HOW DO FAULTS PRODUCES QUAKES?

    • Energy from inside the Earth make the ground move. There is no
    movement friction right away because of the friction. Friction held the
    rocks together. Once the friction is overcome, the ground will move and
    the earthquake will occur.
    • Every time a FAULT slips or moves, the Earth Quakes.
    WHERE DOES AN EARTHQUAKES START?
    FOCUS AND EPICENTER
    • FOCUS
    - Is the place where the first break
    happens, where the fault starts to
    slip, where first movement takes
    place. It is the starting point of the
    earthquake.
    • EPICENTER
    - Is the spot directly above the focus
    on the surface of the Earth.
    HOW WOULD THE
    SURROUNDING BE AFFECTED?
    SEISMIC WAVES
    • As an earthquake occurs,
    seismic waves move out in all
    directions from the focus,
    • The energy released during
    an earthquakes is carried by
    vibrations called seismic
    waves.
    • As the rocks break and move,
    potential energy is
    transformed into kinetic
    energy in the form of seismic
    waves.
    HOW STRONG IS THE EARTHQUAKE?
    HOW STRONG IS THE EARTHQUAKE?

    • An earthquake may be described in two ways:


    1. Intensity – effects on people or surroundings.
    2. Magnitude – energy released.

    Note: The intensity of an earthquake gives us an idea of how strong or


    weak the shaking is.
    EXPLAIN IT!
    EXPLAIN IT!

    • When an earthquake occurs, where would shaking


    be greater? Near the epicenter or away from the
    epicenter?
    • Where would damage be more? Near the epicenter
    or away from the epicenter?
    • Suppose an earthquake occurred in Mindanao,
    would the intensity be the same all over the
    Philippines?
    ACTIVE FAULT

    • It is one that has moved in the


    past and is expected to move
    again.
    • It has generated earthquakes
    before and is capable of
    causing more in the future.
    DO YOU LIVE NEAR AN ACTIVE
    FAULT?
    IS THERE AN ACTIVE FAULT PASSING
    BY YOUR TOWN, PROVINCE OR
    REGION? IF SO, ARE YOU AND YOUR
    FAMILY PREPARED FOR THE
    OCCURRENCE OF AN EARTHQUAKE?
    WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP
    BETWEEN EARTHQUAKE AND FAULT?
    WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARTHQUAKE AND
    FAULT?
    Earthquakes occur in fault. It is caused by
    a sudden slip on a fault. Why will a fault
    slip? Stresses in the earth’s outer layer
    push the sides of the fault. The friction
    across the surface of the fault holds the
    rocks together. However, when the
    pressure becomes so great that the rocks
    could no longer hold, this is when a fault
    slips, causing an earthquake.
    BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE

    Prepare homes or schoolrooms by:


     Strapping heavy furniture to the walls.
     Check stability of hanging objects.
     Breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable materials should be stored
    properly.
     Know exit routes.
     Know where fire extinguisher and first aid kits are located.
     Prepare an emergency supply kit that includes water, canned food, can opener,
    clothing, blanket, battery-operated radio, flashlight, and extra batteries.
     Participate in regular earthquake drills.
    DURING THE EARTHQUAKE

     Stay calm.
     If you are at home or inside a building, stay there.
     Duck under a sturdy desk or table and hold on to it.
     Stay away from glass windows, cabinets, and heavy objects.
     Beware of falling objects.
     If you are outside, move to an open area.
     Stay away from trees, power lines, and concrete structures.
     Move away from steep slopes which could be affected by landslides.
     If you are near the shore, move quickly to higher grounds. Tsunamis may follow.
    AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE

     Do not use elevator or enter damaged buildings.


     Check yourself and others for injuries.
     Check for spills of chemical, toxic, and flammable materials.
     If you need to evacuate, leave a message and bring your emergency
    kit.
     Listen to the radio for updates.
    TSUNAMI
    TSUNAMI

     Faults are found not only on land but also


    under the sea. When a fault at the bottom of
    the sea suddenly moves, the water above it
    can be affected.
    A sudden push from an underwater fault can
    produce a wave called a TSUNAMI.
    TSUNAMI

     It is so much more powerful.


     it involves the whole depth of the sea, from the seafloor
    to the surface.
    It travels at the speed of a jet plane. When the tsunami
    reaches the shore, it slows down but it grows in height.
    It is very destructive because the force of the whole ocean
    is behind it.
    HOW ARE EARTHQUAKES RELATED TO
    TSUNAMIS?

     When a fault suddenly moves on land you


    get an earthquake. But if a fault suddenly
    moves in or near a body of water, you may
    get a tsunami in addition to the earthquake.
    Earthquakes are always linked
    with death and destruction. Is
    there anything good at all
    about earthquakes?

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