CA Lesson 01 Mendelian Genetics

Unit 3: Genetics
Module: Introduction to genetics & patterns of

Inheritance
Lesson 1: Mendelian Genetics
Focus Question: What is the significance of Mendel's

Textbook Page No:3-11
experiments to the study of genetics?
Learning
Outcomes
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to,
 Discuss the contribution of Gregor Mendel to

the study of genetics
 Explain why Gregor Mendel used true-breeding
plants in his experiments
 Differentiate between self-fertilization and

cross-pollination
 Explain why Gregor Mendel used cross-
pollination to study inheritance
Headline
 Define the terms genetics, inheritance
(heredity)
 Differentiate between F1 and F2 generations
New
Vocabulary
Headline
Lesson starter
Why are these
siblings not
identical?
Headline
How Genetics Began
• The passing of traits to the next
generation is called inheritance, or
heredity.
• Gregor Mendel published his findings on
the method of inheritance in garden pea
plants.
• He cross-pollinated pea plants,
which normally self-fertilize. Inheritance of various traits in
pea plants was studied by an
• He rigorously followed various traits Austrian Monk and a plant
in the pea plants he bred. breeder, Gregor Mendel (1822-
1884).
• Mendel began the study of genetics, the
science of heredity.
Cross pollination
Self pollination
- artificial
Combine of male
and female gamete
of same plant
Cross pollination
- natural
Combine of male and
female gamete
different plants
Why Mendel use pea plant for studies?
1. They are TRUE BREEDING (PURE) -(plants that produce offspring
of the same trait when they self-fertilized generation after
generation)
Mendel’s studies
Mendel studied 7 different traits.
Seed pod :
1.Color (green or yellow)
2.Shape (inflated or
constricted)
Seed or pea:
3.Color (yellow or green)
4.Shape (round or wrinkled)
5.Stem length tall or short
6.Flower color purple or
white
7.Flower position axial or
terminal
The Inheritance of Traits
• One trait Mendel noticed was seed color.

• Some plants always produced green seeds; others
always produced yellow seeds.
• Mendel cross-bred the green and yellow seed
plants.
• Mendel called the green-seed and yellow-seed
plants the parent, or P generation.
F1 and F2 Generations
• The offspring of this P cross are called the first filial
(F1) generation.
• The second filial (F2) generation is the offspring from
the F1 cross.
• In Mendel’s peas, the green-seed trait disappeared
in the F1 generation, but reappeared in the F2
generation.
• The F2 generation showed a 3:1 ratio of yellow:
green seeds.
Learning
Outcomes
 Define Phenotypes and genotypes

 Relate between the gene and the alleles by using
examples
 Differentiate between the terms homozygous,
heterozygous and hybrid, by using examples
 Differentiate the dominant and the recessive
alleles by using examples
 Describe what happens during segregation and
independent assortment
 Explain the inheritance of genes by applying Headline
Mendel's Law of Segregation and Law of
Independent Assortment
Genes in Pairs
• Mendel concluded that there must be two forms of the
seed trait in the pea plants, and that each was
controlled by a factor.
• An allele is an alternative form of a single gene.
• The gene for yellow seeds and the gene for green
seeds are different alleles for the same gene.
• Dominant alleles controlled the traits that appeared in the F1

generation. (represented by capital letter “Y” / “A”)
• Recessive alleles were masked in the F1 generation.
(represented by lowercase “y” / “a”)
• In Mendel’s cross, yellow seeds were dominant to green seeds.
• An organism with two of the same alleles for a

particular trait is homozygous for that trait (YY or yy).
• An organism with two different alleles for a particular
trait is heterozygous for that trait (Yy).
• In heterozygous individuals, the dominant trait will be
observed, and the recessive trait will be masked.
Genotype and phenotype
Genotype and Phenotype

• The appearance of an organism does not always indicate
which pair of alleles it possesses.
• An organism’s allele pairs are called its genotype.
• The observable characteristic or outward expression of
an allele pair is called the phenotype.
• The genotype of yellow-seed plants could be YY or Yy.
• The genotype of green-seed plants is yy.
Mendel’s Law of Segregation
• The law of segregation states that the two alleles
for each trait separate during meiosis. During
fertilization, two alleles for that trait unite.
• Heterozygous organisms are called hybrids.
Quiz
4. Which describes an individual that is represented by

Bb in a Mendelian cross?
A homozygous C heterozygous
CORRECT
B parental D recessive
Learning
Outcomes
 Explain how rules of probability can be used

to analyze the passage of one gene from
parent to offspring
 Predict the ratio of allele distribution and
offspring genotypes and phenotypes in a
monohybrid cross using a Punnett square
and probability
 Predict the ratio of allele distribution and
offspring genotypes and phenotypes in a Headline
dihybrid cross using a Punnett square and
probability
Monohybrid Cross
• A cross that involves

hybrids for a single trait is
called a monohybrid
cross.
Punnett Squares
Monohybrid Cross
• Punnett Squares help keep

track of the possible
genotypes involved in a
cross.
• The number of squares is
determined by the number
of different types of alleles
(F or f) produced by each
parent.
• In this cross, the genotypic
ratio is 1:2:1 (FF:Ff:ff).
• The phenotypic ratio is 3:1

(freckles: freckles missing).
Dihybrid Cross
• The simultaneous
inheritance of two or
more traits in the same
plant is a dihybrid cross.
• Four types of alleles from
the male gametes and
four types of alleles from
the female gametes can
be produced.
• The resulting phenotypic
ratio is 9:3:3:1.
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
• The law of
independent
assortment states that
random distribution of
alleles occurs during
gamete formation.
• Genes on separate
chromosomes sort
independently during
meiosis.
• Each allele
combination is equally
likely to occur.
Probability
• The inheritance of genes can
be compared to the
probability of flipping a coin.
• Actual data might not
perfectly match the
predicted ratios.
• Mendel’s results were not
exactly a 9:3:3:1 ratio, but
the larger the number of
offspring involved, the more
likely it will match the results
predicted by Punnett
squares.
Practice Problems
1. Tallness is dominant to dwarfism in pea plants. Plants that are
heterozygous for height are crossed. What is the probability
that the offspring will be homozygous dominant?
T = tall Cross:Tt x Tt
t = dwarf
½ chance of inheriting T ½ chance of inheriting T
½x½=¼
Practice Problems
2. In a cross between AABBCc x AaBbCc what is the probability
that the offspring will be AaBbcc?
Quiz
1. If a black guinea pig (Bb) were crossed with a white

guinea pig (bb) what would be the resulting phenotypic
ratio?
A 0:1 black to white
B 1:0 black to white
C 1:1 black to white CORRECT
D 3:1 black to white

Quiz
2. Which gamete can not come from an individual that

has a genotype of YyRr?
A YY C yr
CORRECT
B YR D Yr
https://www.liveworksheets.com/fs1419933tf
Quiz
3. A cat with curled ears was crossed with a cat with

noncurled ears. All the kittens born from that cross had
noncurled ears. Later, when these offspring were
crossed with each other, the phenotypic ratio was 3:1
noncurled to curled ears. Which conclusion can be
made?
A It is a recessive trait. C It is a dominant trait.

CORRECT
B More crosses need to D Curled ears are a result

be done to determine of crossing over.
how the trait is linked.

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Unit 3: Genetics

Module: Introduction to genetics & patterns of

Focus Question: What is the significance of Mendel's

 Discuss the contribution of Gregor Mendel to

 Differentiate between self-fertilization and

Mendel studied 7 different traits.

• One trait Mendel noticed was seed color.

 Define Phenotypes and genotypes

• Dominant alleles controlled the traits that appeared in the F1

• An organism with two of the same alleles for a

Genotype and Phenotype

4. Which describes an individual that is represented by

 Explain how rules of probability can be used

• A cross that involves

• Punnett Squares help keep

• The phenotypic ratio is 3:1

½ chance of inheriting T ½ chance of inheriting T

1. If a black guinea pig (Bb) were crossed with a white

A 0:1 black to white

B 1:0 black to white

C 1:1 black to white CORRECT

D 3:1 black to white

2. Which gamete can not come from an individual that

3. A cat with curled ears was crossed with a cat with

A It is a recessive trait. C It is a dominant trait.

B More crosses need to D Curled ears are a result

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