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Implement the following class diagram by practicing the concept of
•Inheritance (kind-of)
•Aggregation (has-a)
•Containment (part-whole)

Object Oriented
Programming

Inheritance

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What is Inheritance ?
 Inheritance is the process of creating new classes, called derived classes, from
existing or base classes.
 The derived class inherits all the capabilities of the base class but can add more

features into itself.

 Classes can inherit attributes (data members) and methods (member

functions) from other classes.

What is the purpose of Inheritance?
 Specialization: Extending the functionality of an existing class

 Generalization: sharing commonality between two or more classes.

 Improved efficiency and greater robustness

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Terminology
 Derived class or subclass or child class : A class which inherits some of its
attributes and methods from another class.
 Base class or superclass or parent class : A class from which another class

inherits.
 Ancestor : A class’s ancestors are those from which its own super classes

inherit.
 Descendant : A class’s descendants are those which inherit from its sub classes.

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Terminology - A Classification Hierarchy

A ‘kind of’ Building Arrow in diagram

(AKO) means
Building
’inherits from’

Commercial Public Domestic

Office Office Apartment

Factory block Block
block

A ‘kind of’ Masjid Hospital

Commercial building
(AKO)
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Terminology - A Classification Hierarchy

A ‘kind of’ Building Arrow in diagram

(AKO) means
Building
’inherits from’

Commercial Public Domestic

Office Office Apartment

Factory block Block
block

A ‘kind of’ Masjid Hospital

Commercial building
(AKO)
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Designing your classification hierarchy:

‘A kind of’ or ‘a part of’ relationship ?

Vehicle


A car is ‘a kind of’ vehicle
car class can inherit from
Car vehicle class


Car
A wheel isn’t ‘a kind of’ car.
A wheel is ‘a part of’ a car
Wheel

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Designing your classification hierarchy:
Different classes or different states?
Need to analyze whether differences between objects are dependant on type
(such as a house being different to a factory) or state. (different values of the
class’s attributes)

short building and tall building


might vary only in the value of
Building the height attribute - don’t need
separate classes

Short Building Tall

Building
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What do objects inherit ?
Line A ‘colored line’ is a kind of line. The colored
line class inherits all the attributes and
Attributes: methods of
start position the line class and adds attributes and
end position methods of its own
Methods:
draw

Colored Line An object of the ‘colored line’ class has all

the attributes and methods of the ‘line’
Attributes: base class as
colour well as the attributes and methods added
Methods: by the derived class
set colour

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Generalization
 Sharing commonality between two or more classes
 If we were modelling animals in a zoo would we create a separate class for

each animal type?

Cow Whale Elephant Eagle
 This would duplicate attributes such as legs and methods such as getAge()
 Helpful to place common elements (attributes and methods) in a shared base

class and organize problem into an inheritance hierarchy.

 Sometimes this leads to the Animal
Abstract classes
creation of abstract classes which
Mammal Bird
can’t be instantiated directly. Concrete classes

 concrete classes can be instantiated directly Cow Whale Elephant Eagle 10

Example: base/Derived Class Constructors (1/3)
#include <iostream> // constructors in derived class
using namespace std;
class Counter {
protected: // NOTE: not private
unsigned int count; // count
public:
Counter() : count(0) {} // constructor, no args
Counter(int c) : count(c) {} // constructor, one arg
unsigned int get_count() const { // return count
return count;
}
};

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Example: base/Derived Class Constructors (2/3)
class CountDn : public Counter {
public: CountDn() : Counter() {} // constructor, no args
CountDn(int c) : Counter(c) {} // constructor, 1 arg

void set_countDn(int s) { // set count

start = s;
}
unsigned int get_count() const { // return count
return count;
}
};

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Example 2: Derived Class Constructors
(3/3)
int main() {
CountDn c1;
CountDn c2(100);

cout << "\nc1=" << c1.get_count(); // display

cout << "\nc2=" << c2.get_count(); // display

c1.set_countDn(20);
c2.set_countDn(200);

cout << "\nc1=" << c1.get_countDn(); // display

cout << "\nc2=" << c2.get_countDn(); // display

cout << endl;

system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}

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Generalization
 CountDn class inherits all the features of the Counter class. CountDn doesn’t
need a constructor or the get_count() or set_count() functions, because these
already exist in Counter.
 The first line of CountDn specifies that it is derived from Counter:

class CountDn : public Counter

 Here we use a single colon, followed by the keyword public and the name of

the base class Counter.

 This sets up the relationship between the classes. This line says that CountDn is

derived from the base class Counter.

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Generalization in UML Class Diagrams
 In the UML, inheritance is called generalization, because Counter
the parent class is a more general form of the child class. Attributes:
unsigned int count
 The child is more specific version of the parent.
Methods:
 In figure, the direction of the arrow emphasizes that the Counter()
Counter(int c)
derived class refers to functions and data in the base unsigned int get_count() const
class, while the base class has no access to the derived
class.
CountDn
Attributes:
int start
Methods:
CounterDn()
CounterDn(int c)
void set_count(int s)
int get_count() const
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CountDn C2; Counter C1;
--C2 ; // OK C1.count = 5;
C2.count = 10; // Error // Error

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Example 4: Inheritance in the English Distance Class (1/3)
// inheritance using English Distances
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
enum posneg { pos, neg }; // for sign in DistSign
class Distance { // English Distance class
protected: // NOTE: can’t be private
int feet; float inches;
public:
Distance() : feet(0), inches(0.0) { } // no-arg constructor
Distance(int ft, float in) : feet(ft), inches(in) { }
void getdist() { // get length from user
cout << "\nEnter feet: "; cin >> feet;
cout << "Enter inches: "; cin >> inches;
}
void showdist() const // display distance
{
cout << feet << "\'-" << inches << '\"';
}
};

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Example 4: Inheritance in the English Distance Class (2/3)
class DistSign : public Distance { // adds sign to Distance
private: posneg sign; // sign is pos or neg
public: // no-arg constructor
DistSign() : Distance() { // call base constructor
sign = pos; // set the sign to +
}
// 2- or 3-arg constructor
DistSign(int ft, float in, posneg sg = pos) : Distance(ft, in) { // call base
constructor
sign = sg; // set the sign
}
void getdist() { // get length from user
Distance::getdist(); // call base getdist()
char ch; // get sign from user
cout << "Enter sign (+ or -): "; cin >> ch;
sign = (ch == '+') ? pos : neg;
}
void showdist() const { // display distance
cout << ((sign == pos) ? "(+)" : "(-)"); // show sign
Distance::showdist(); // ft and in
} 18
};
Example 4: Inheritance in the English Distance Class (3/3)
int main()
{
DistSign alpha; // no-arg constructor
alpha.getdist(); // get alpha from user
DistSign beta(11, 6.25); // 3-arg constructor
DistSign gamma(100, 5.5, neg); // 3-arg constructor
cout << "\nalpha = "; alpha.showdist(); // display all distances
cout << "\nbeta = "; beta.showdist();
cout << "\ngamma = "; gamma.showdist();
cout << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}

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Example 1: Derived Class and Base Class
(1/2)
// inheritance with Counter class
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Counter { // base class
protected: // NOTE: not private
unsigned int count; // count
public:
Counter() : count(0) { } // no-arg constructor

Counter(int c) : count(c) { } // 1-arg constructor

unsigned int get_count() const { // return count

return count;
}

Counter operator ++ () { // incr count (prefix)

return Counter(++count);
}

};
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Example 1: Derived Class and Base Class
(2/2)
class CountDn : public Counter { // derived class
public:
Counter operator -- () { // decr count (prefix)
return Counter(--count);
}
};

int main() {
CountDn c1; // c1 of class CountDn
// CountDn c2(100); // Error
cout << "\nc1=" << c1.get_count(); // display c1
++c1; ++c1; ++c1; // increment c1,3 times
cout << "\nc1=" << c1.get_count(); // display it
--c1; --c1; // decrement c1, twice
cout << "\nc1=" << c1.get_count(); // display it
Counter c; // c of class Counter
// --c; // Error
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
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Example 2: Derived Class Constructors
(1/2)
#include <iostream> // constructors in derived class
using namespace std;
class Counter {
protected: // NOTE: not private
unsigned int count; // count
public:
Counter() : count(0) {} // constructor, no args
Counter(int c) : count(c) {} // constructor, one arg
unsigned int get_count() const { // return count
return count;
}
Counter operator ++ () { // increment count (prefix)
return Counter(++count);
}
};
class CountDn : public Counter {
public: CountDn() : Counter() {} // constructor, no args
CountDn(int c) : Counter(c) {} // constructor, 1 arg
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Example 2: Derived Class Constructors
(2/2)
CountDn operator -- () { // decr count (prefix)
return CountDn(--count);
}
};

int main() {
CountDn c1; CountDn c2(100);
cout << "\nc1=" << c1.get_count(); // display
cout << "\nc2=" << c2.get_count(); // display
++c1; ++c1; ++c1; // increment c1
cout << "\nc1=" << c1.get_count(); // display it
--c2; --c2; // decrement c2
cout << "\nc2=" << c2.get_count(); // display it
CountDn c3 = --c2; // = calls 1 arg constructor
cout << "\nc3=" << c3.get_count(); // display c3
cout << endl;
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
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Class Hierarchies (UML Diagram)

void getdata()
void putdata() const

void getdata() void getdata()

void putdata() const void putdata() const
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Example 5: Class Hierarchies ( Employee Database ) (1/4)
// models employee database using inheritance
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int LEN = 80; // maximum length of names
class employee // employee class
{
private:
char name[LEN]; // employee name
unsigned long number; // employee number
public:
void getdata() {
cout << "\n Enter last name: "; cin.get(name, LEN); fflush(stdin);
cout << " Enter number: "; cin >> number;
}
void putdata() const {
cout << "\n Name: " << name;
cout << "\n Number: " << number;
}
};

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Example 5: Class Hierarchies ( Employee Database ) (2/4)
class manager : private employee { // management class
private:
char title[LEN]; // "vice-president" etc.
double dues; // golf club dues
public:

void getdata() {
employee::getdata();
cout << " Enter title: "; cin.get(title, LEN);
cout << " Enter golf club dues: "; cin >> dues;
}

void putdata() const {

employee::putdata();
cout << "\n Title: " << title;
cout << "\n Golf club dues: " << dues;
}
};

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Example 5: Class Hierarchies ( Employee Database ) (3/4)
class scientist : private employee { // scientist class
{
private:
int pubs; // number of publications
public:
void getdata()
{
employee::getdata();
cout << " Enter number of pubs: "; cin >> pubs;
}

void putdata() const

{
employee::putdata();
cout << "\n Number of publications: " << pubs;
}
};

class laborer : public employee // laborer class

{ };
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Example 5: Class Hierarchies ( Employee Database ) (4/4)
int main()
{
manager m1, m2;scientist s1;laborer l1;

cout << endl; // get data for several employees

cout << "\nEnter data for manager 1"; m1.getdata();
cout << "\nEnter data for manager 2"; m2.getdata();
cout << "\nEnter data for scientist 1"; s1.getdata();
cout << "\nEnter data for laborer 1"; l1.getdata();

// display data for several employees

cout << "\nData on manager 1";m1.putdata();
cout << "\nData on manager 2";m2.putdata();
cout << "\nData on scientist 1";s1.putdata();
cout << "\nData on laborer 1";l1.putdata();
cout << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}

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“Abstract” Base Class
 Notice that we don’t define any objects of the base class employee. We use
this as a general class whose purpose is to act as a base from which other
classes are derived.
 The laborer class operates identically to the employee class, since it contains no

additional data or functions.

 It may seem that the laborer class is unnecessary, but by making it a separate

class we emphasize that all classes are descended from the same source,
employee.
 Also, if in the future we decided to modify the laborer class, we would not need

to change the declaration for employee.

 Classes used only for deriving other classes, as employee is in EMPLOY, are

sometimes loosely called abstract classes, meaning that no actual instances

(objects) of this class are created. 29
Example 6: Access Combinations (1/2)
// tests publicly- and privately-derived classes
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A { // base class
private: int privdataA; // (functions have the same access
protected: int protdataA; // rules as the data shown here)
public: int pubdataA;
};

class B : public A { // publicly-derived class

public:
void funct() {
int a;
a = privdataA; // error: not accessible
a = protdataA; // OK
a = pubdataA; // OK
}
};

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Example 6: Access Combinations (2/2)
class C : private A { // privately-derived class
public:
void funct() {
int a;
a = privdataA; // error: not accessible
a = protdataA; /* OK */ a = pubdataA; // OK
}
};

int main() {
int a; B objB;
a = objB.privdataA; // error: not accessible
a = objB.protdataA; // error: not accessible
a = objB.pubdataA; // OK (A public to B)
C objC;
a = objC.privdataA; // error: not accessible
a = objC.protdataA; // error: not accessible
a = objC.pubdataA; // error: not accessible (A private to
C)
system("PAUSE");
return 0; 31
}
Access Combinations

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Multi Levels of Inheritance

Media

Social Print News

Facebook Tweeter Instagram Jang Khabrain Ary Geo

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Example 7: Multi Levels of Inheritance (1/4)
// multiple levels of inheritance
#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h> // for fflush()
using namespace std;
const int LEN = 80;
class employee {
private:
char name[LEN];
unsigned long number;
public:
void getdata() {
cout << "\n Enter last name: ";
cin.get(name, LEN); fflush(stdin);
cout << " Enter number: ";
cin >> number; fflush(stdin);
}
void putdata() const {
cout << "\n Name: " << name;
cout << "\n Number: " << number; UML Diagram
}
}; 34
Example 7: Multi Levels of Inheritance (2/4)
// scientist class
class scientist : public employee {
private:
int pubs; // number of publications
public:
void getdata() {
employee::getdata();
cout << " Enter number of pubs: ";
cin >> pubs;
}

void putdata() const {

employee::putdata();
cout << "\n Number of publications: "
<< pubs;
}
};

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Example 7: Multi Levels of Inheritance (3/4)
// laborer class
class laborer : public employee {
};

// foreman class
class foreman : public laborer {
private:
// percent of quotas met successfully
float quotas;
public:
void getdata() {
laborer::getdata();
cout << " Enter quotas: ";
cin >> quotas;
}
void putdata() const {
laborer::putdata();
cout << "\n Quotas: " << quotas;
}
};
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Example 7: Multi Levels of Inheritance (4/4)
int main() {
laborer l1;
foreman f1;
cout << endl;
cout << "\nEnter data for laborer 1";
l1.getdata();

cout << "\nEnter data for foreman 1";

f1.getdata();
cout << endl;

cout << "\nData on laborer 1";

l1.putdata();

cout << "\nData on foreman 1";

f1.putdata();
cout << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
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Multiple Inheritance (UML Diagram)
A class can be derived from more than one base class. Scanner Printer

 This is called multiple inheritance. Figure shows how

 This looks when a class Copier is derived from base classes
Copier
 Scanner and Printer. In programming we write as

class Scanner { // base class Scanner Cricketer

};
class Printer { // base class Printer
}; Bowler Batsman

class Copier : public Scanner, public Printer {

}; // Copier is derived from Scanner and printer
Allrounder

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Multiple Inheritance (UML Diagram)
Person
string name
int age
Person()
void get_data()
void show_data()

Student Faculty

string program string course

Faculty()

Faculty() void

void get_prog() get_course()

void show_prog() void

show_course()

Teaching Assistant

Teaching Assistant()
void get_all_data()
void show_all_data() 39
Multiple Inheritance (UML Diagram)
Device

string name

Device()
void get_name()
void show_name()

Phone Camera Person Employee

string name int id
long duration image img
Camera() int age double salary
void Person() Employee()
Phone()
take_photo() void get_data() void get_id()
void Make_Call()
void void show_data() void show_id()
show_photot()

Camera_Phone Teacher

string subject
Teacher()
Camera_Phone() void get_all_data()
void show_all_data() 40
Member Functions in Multiple Inheritance
class student
{ };

class employee
{ };

class manager :
private employee, private student
{ };

class scientist :
private employee, private student
{ };

class laborer : public employee

{ };

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Example 8: Member Functions in Multiple Inheritance (1/5)
//multiple inheritance with employees and degrees
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int LEN = 80; // maximum length of names
class student { // educational background
private:
char school[LEN]; // name of school or university
char degree[LEN]; // highest degree earned
public:
void getedu() {
cout << " Enter name of school or university: ";
cin >> school;
cout << " Enter highest degree earned \n";
cout << " (Highschool, Bachelor's, Master's, PhD): ";
cin >> degree;
}
void putedu() const {
cout << "\n School or university: " << school;
cout << "\n Highest degree earned: " << degree;
}
}; 42
Example 8: Member Functions in Multiple Inheritance (2/5)
class employee
{
private:
char name[LEN]; // employee name
unsigned long number; // employee number

public:

void getdata() {
cout << "\n Enter last name: "; cin >> name;
cout << " Enter number: "; cin >> number;
}

void putdata() const {

cout << "\n Name: " << name;
cout << "\n Number: " << number;
}
};

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Example 8: Member Functions in Multiple Inheritance (3/5)
class manager : private employee, private student {
private:
char title[LEN]; // "vice-president" etc.
double dues; // golf club dues
public:
void getdata() {
employee::getdata();
cout << " Enter title: ";
cin >> title;
cout << " Enter golf club dues: ";
cin >> dues;
student::getedu();
}

void putdata() const {

employee::putdata();
cout << "\n Title: " << title;
cout << "\n Golf club dues: " << dues;
student::putedu();
}
}; 44
Example 8: Member Functions in Multiple Inheritance (4/5)
class scientist : private employee, private student
{
private:
int pubs; // number of publications
public:

void getdata() {
employee::getdata();
cout << " Enter number of pubs: "; cin >> pubs;
student::getedu();
}

void putdata() const {

employee::putdata();
cout << "\n Number of publications: " << pubs;
student::putedu();
}

};

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Example 8: Member Functions in Multiple Inheritance (5/5)
class laborer : public employee {

};

int main() {
manager m1; scientist s1, s2; laborer l1;
cout << endl;
cout << "\nEnter data for manager 1"; // get data for
m1.getdata(); // several employees
cout << "\nEnter data for scientist 1"; s1.getdata();
cout << "\nEnter data for scientist 2"; s2.getdata();
cout << "\nEnter data for laborer 1"; l1.getdata();

cout << "\nData on manager 1"; //display data for

m1.putdata(); //several employees
cout << "\nData on scientist 1"; s1.putdata();
cout << "\nData on scientist 2"; s2.putdata();
cout << "\nData on laborer 1"; l1.putdata();
cout << endl;
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
} 46
Example 9: Constructors in Multiple Inheritance (1/4)
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Person {
private:
string name; int age;
public:
Person():name(""), age(0) {}
Person(string name, int age):name(name), age(age) {}
void getInfo(){
cout << "Enter Name: ";
std::getline(std::cin >> std::ws, name); // Read input and ignore leading
whitespaces
cout << "Enter Age: "; cin >> age;
}
void showInfo() const {
cout << "Name: " << name << endl << "Age: " << age << endl;
}
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};
Example 9: Constructors in Multiple Inheritance (2/4)
class Employee {
private:
int employeeId; double salary;
public:
Employee():employeeId(0), salary(0.0) {}
Employee(int id, double salary):employeeId(id), salary(salary) {}

void getInfo(){
cout << "Enter Employee ID: "; cin >> employeeId;
cout << "Enter Salary: "; cin >> salary;
}

void showInfo() const {

cout << "Employee ID: " << employeeId << endl
<< "Salary: $" << salary << endl;
}
};

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Example 9: Constructors in Multiple Inheritance (3/4)
class Teacher : public Person, public Employee {
private:
string subject;
public:
Teacher():Person(), Employee(), subject("") {}
Teacher(const string name, int age, int id, double salary, const string subject)
: Person(name, age), Employee(id, salary), subject(subject) {}
void getInfo(){
Person::getInfo(); Employee::getInfo();
cout << "Enter Subject: ";
std::getline(std::cin >> std::ws, subject); // Read input and ignore leading
whitespaces
}
void showInfo() const {
Person::showInfo(); Employee::showInfo();
cout << "Subject: " << subject << endl;
}
};
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Example 9: Constructors in Multiple Inheritance (4/4)
int main() {
Teacher t1("M. Ibrahim", 35, 101, 900.0, "Mathematics");
t1.showInfo();

Teacher t2;
t2.getInfo(); Employee
Person
t2.showInfo(); string name int id

return 0; int age double salary

Person() Employee()
} void get_data() void get_id()

void show_data() void show_id()

Teacher

string subject
Teacher()
void get_all_data()
void show_all_data()

50
Ambiguity in Multiple Inheritance: Problem 1
 Two base classes have functions with the same name, while a class derived
from both base classes has no function with this name.
 How do objects of the derived class access the correct base class function?

 The name of the function alone is insufficient, since the compiler can’t figure

out which of the two functions is meant.

 Next program demonstrates this situation.

51
Example 10: Ambiguity in Multiple Inheritance
#include <iostream> // demonstrates ambiguity in multiple inheritance
using namespace std;
class A {
public: void show() { cout << "Class A\n"; }
};

class B {
public: void show() { cout << "Class B\n"; }
};

class C : public A, public B { };

int main() {
C objC; // object of class C
// objC.show(); // ambiguous--will not compile
objC.A::show(); // OK
objC.B::show(); // OK
return 0;
}

52
Ambiguity in Multiple Inheritance: Problem 2
 Another kind of ambiguity arises if you derive a class from two classes that are
each derived from the same class.
 This creates a diamond-shaped inheritance tree.

 The DIAMOND program shows how this looks

53
Ex 11: Ambiguity in diamond-shaped multiple inheritance
//diamond.cpp investigates diamond-shaped multiple inheritance
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class A {
public:
void func() {
cout << "Hello World \n";
}
};

class B : public A { };
class C : public A { };
class D : public B, public C { };

int main() {
D objD;
// objD.func(); // ambiguous: won’t compile
objD.B::func(); // OK
return 0;
} 54
Aggregation: Classes Within Classes

55
Aggregation: Classes Within Classes
 If a class B is derived by inheritance from a class A, we can say that “B is a kind
of A.”
 This is because B has all the characteristics of A, and in addition some of its

own.
 It’s like saying that a car is a kind of vehicle : A car has the characteristics

shared by all vehicles (wheels, seats, and so on) but has some distinctive
characteristics of its own (CNG, EFI, automatic etc).
 For this reason inheritance is often called a “kind of” relationship.

Aggregation is called a “has a” relationship. We say a library has a book or an

invoice has an item line.
 Aggregation is also called a “part-whole” relationship: the book is a part of the

library.
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Aggregation: Classes Within Classes
 Inobject-oriented programming, aggregation may occur when one object is an
attribute of another. Here’s a case where an object of class A is an attribute of
class B:
class A { };
class B { A objA; /* define objA as an object of class A */
};
 In the UML, aggregation is considered a special kind of association.
 Sometimes it’s hard to tell when an association is also an aggregation.

 It’s always safe to call a relationship an association, but if class A contains

objects of class B, and is organizationally superior to class B, it’s a good

candidate for aggregation.
 A company might have an aggregation of employees, or a stamp collection

might have an aggregation of stamps.

57
Aggregation: Classes Within Classes
 Aggregation is shown in the same way as association in UML class diagrams,
except that the “whole” end of the association line has an open diamond-
shaped arrowhead.

58
Aggregation: Classes Within Classes
 Let’srearrange the EMPMULT program to use aggregation instead of
inheritance.
 In EMPMULT the manager and scientist classes are derived from the employee

and student classes using the inheritance relationship.

 In our new program, EMPCONT, the manager and scientist classes contain

instances of the employee and student classes as attributes.

 This aggregation relationship is shown in next figure.

59
Aggregation: Classes Within Classes

Figure: UML Class Diagram for EMPCONT.

60
Using Aggregation in programming
 The following mini program shows these relationships in a different way:

class student { };
class employee { };
class manager {
student stu; // stu is an object of class student
employee emp; // emp is an object of class employee
};
class scientist {
student stu; // stu is an object of class student
employee emp; // emp is an object of class employee
};
class laborer{
employee emp; // emp is an object of class employee
};
61
Example 12: Using Aggregation in the Program (1/6)
// empcont.cpp containership with employees and degrees
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class student { // educational background
private:
string school; // name of school or university
string degree; // highest degree earned
public:
void getedu() {
cout << " Enter name of school or university: ";
cin >> school;
cout << " Enter highest degree earned \n";
cout << " (Highschool, Bachelor's, Master's, PhD): ";
cin >> degree;
}
void putedu() const {
cout << "\n School or university: " << school;
cout << "\n Highest degree earned: " << degree;
}
}; 62
Example 12: Using Aggregation in the Program (2/6)
class employee {

private:
string name; // employee name
unsigned long number; // employee number

public:
void getdata() {
cout << "\n Enter last name: ";
cin >> name;
cout << " Enter number: ";
cin >> number;
}
void putdata() const {
cout << "\n Name: " << name;
cout << "\n Number: " << number;
}
};

63
Example 12: Using Aggregation in the Program (3/6)
class manager { // management
private:
string title; // "vice-president" etc.
double dues; // golf club dues
employee emp; // object of class employee
student stu; // object of class student
public:
void getdata() {
emp.getdata();
cout << " Enter title: "; cin >> title;
cout << " Enter golf club dues: "; cin >> dues;
stu.getedu();
}
void putdata() const {
emp.putdata();
cout << "\n Title: " << title;
cout << "\n Golf club dues: " << dues;
stu.putedu();
}
};
64
Example 12: Using Aggregation in the Program (4/6)
class scientist { // scientist
private:
int pubs; // number of publications
employee emp; // object of class employee
student stu; // object of class student

public:
void getdata() {
emp.getdata();
cout << " Enter number of pubs: ";
cin >> pubs;
stu.getedu();
}
void putdata() const {
emp.putdata();
cout << "\n Number of publications: "
<< pubs;
stu.putedu();
}
};
65
Example 12: Using Aggregation in the Program (5/6)
class laborer { // laborer class

private:
employee emp; // object of class employee

public:

void getdata() {
emp.getdata();
}

void putdata() const {

emp.putdata();
}
};

66
Example 12: Using Aggregation in the Program (6/6)
int main() {
manager m1; scientist s1, s2; laborer l1;
cout << endl;
cout << "\nEnter data for manager 1"; //get data for
m1.getdata(); //several employees
cout << "\nEnter data for scientist 1";
s1.getdata();
cout << "\nEnter data for scientist 2";
s2.getdata();
cout << "\nEnter data for laborer 1"; l1.getdata();
cout << "\nData on manager 1"; // display data for
m1.putdata(); // several employees
cout << "\nData on scientist 1";
s1.putdata();
cout << "\nData on scientist 2";
s2.putdata();
cout << "\nData on laborer 1";
l1.putdata();
cout << endl;
return 0;
} 67
Composition: A Stronger Aggregation
 Composition is a stronger form of aggregation. It has all the characteristics of
aggregation, plus two more:
 The part may belong to only one whole.

 The lifetime of the part is the same as the lifetime of the whole.

 A car is composed of doors (among other things). The doors can’t belong to

some other car, and they are born and die along with the car.
 A room is composed of a floor, ceiling, and walls.

 Aggregation is a “has a” relationship, composition is a “consists of”

relationship.
 In UML diagrams, composition is shown in the same way as aggregation, except

that the diamond-shaped arrowhead is solid instead of open.

68
Composition: A Stronger Aggregation

Figure: UML Diagram Showing Composition

69
Chapter Summary
A class, called the derived class, can inherit the features of another class, called
the base class.
 The derived class can add other features of its own, so it becomes a specialized

version of the base class.

 Inheritance provides a powerful way to extend the capabilities of existing

classes, and to design programs using hierarchical relationships.

 Accessibility of base class members from derived classes and from objects of

derived classes is an important issue.

 Data or functions in the base class that are prefaced by the keyword protected

can be accessed from derived classes but not by any other objects, including
objects of derived classes.
 Classes may be publicly or privately derived from base classes. Objects of a

publicly derived class can access public

70
Chapter Summary
A class can be derived from more than one base class. This is called multiple
inheritance. A class can also be contained within another class.
 In the UML, inheritance is called generalization. This relationship is represented

in class diagrams by an open triangle pointing to the base (parent) class.

 Aggregation is a “has a” or “part-whole” relationship: one class contains

objects of another class.

 Aggregation is represented in UML class diagrams by an open diamond

pointing to the “whole” part of the part-whole pair.

 Composition is a strong form of aggregation. Its arrowhead is solid rather than

open.

71
Chapter Summary
 Inheritance permits the reusability of software: Derived classes can extend the
capabilities of base classes with no need to modify—or even access the source
code of—the base class.
 This leads to new flexibility in the software development process, and to a

wider range of roles for software developers.

72
Thank you

73