Data Link

Control
and
Protocols
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 Flow and Error Control

Flow Control

Error Control

The most important responsibilities of the data link layer are flow control and
error control. Collectively, these functions are known as data link control.

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 Note:

Flow control refers to a set of

procedures used to restrict the amount
of data that the sender can send before
waiting for acknowledgment.

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 Protocols

11.4
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 NOISELESS CHANNELS

Let us first assume we have an ideal channel in which

no frames are lost, duplicated, or corrupted. We
introduce two protocols for this type of channel.

Topics discussed in this section:

Simplest Protocol
Stop-and-Wait Protocol

11.5
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 The design of the simplest protocol with no flow or error control

11.6
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 Flow diagram

11.7
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 Design of Stop-and-Wait Protocol

11.8
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 Flow diagram

11.9
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 NOISY CHANNELS

Although the Stop-and-Wait Protocol gives us an idea

of how to add flow control to its predecessor, noiseless
channels are nonexistent. We discuss three protocols
in this section that use error control.

11.10
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 Note:

Error control in the data link layer is

based on automatic repeat
request(ARQ), which is the
retransmission of data.
Stop-and-Wait ARQ,Go-Back-N
ARQ,and Selective-Repeat ARQ.
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 Flow and Error control Mechanism
Stop-and-Wait ARQ, Go-Back-N
ARQ , and Selective-Repeat ARQ.

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 Stop-and-Wait ARQ

Operation
Bidirectional Transmission

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 Normal operation

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 Stop-and-Wait ARQ, lost frame

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 Stop-and-Wait ARQ, lost ACK frame

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 Note:

In Stop-and-Wait ARQ, numbering

frames prevents the retaining of
duplicate frames.

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 Stop-and-Wait ARQ, delayed ACK

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 Note:

Numbered acknowledgments are

needed if an acknowledgment is
delayed and the next frame is lost.

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 Piggybacking( combine a data Frame with an ACK)

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 Go-Back-N ARQ

Sequence Number (0 to 2m-1)

Sender and Receiver Sliding
Window
Control Variables
(sender window size is=2 -1) (Receiver window size=1)
m

Acknowledgment

Resending Frames

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 Sender sliding window

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 Receiver sliding window

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 Control variables

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 Go-Back-N ARQ, normal operation

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 Go-Back-N ARQ, lost frame

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 Go-Back-N ARQ: sender window size

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 Note:

In Go-Back-N ARQ, the size of the

sender window must be less than 2m;
the size of the receiver window is
always 1.

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 Selective-Repeat ARQ

Sender and Receiver Windows

Operation

Sender Window Size

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 Selective Repeat ARQ, sender and receiver windows

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 Selective Repeat ARQ, lost frame

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 Note:

In Selective Repeat ARQ, the size of

the sender and receiver window must
be at most one-half of 2m.

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 Selective Repeat ARQ, sender window size

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 Example 1
In a Stop-and-Wait ARQ system, the bandwidth of the line is 1 Mbps, and 1 bit
takes 20 ms to make a round trip. What is the bandwidth-delay product? If the
system data frames are 1000 bits in length, what is the utilization percentage of
the link?

Solution
The bandwidth-delay product (frame size) is

1  106  20  10-3 = 20,000 bits

The system can send 20,000 bits during the time it takes for the data to go
from the sender to the receiver and then back again. However, the system
sends only 1000 bits. We can say that the link utilization is only
1000/20,000, or 5%. For this reason, for a link with high bandwidth or long
delay, use of Stop-and-Wait ARQ wastes the capacity of the link.
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 Example 2
What is the utilization percentage of the link in Example 1 if the link uses Go-
Back-N ARQ with a 15-frame sequence?

Solution
The bandwidth-delay product is still 20,000. The system can send up to 15
frames or 15,000 bits during a round trip. This means the utilization is
15,000/20,000, or 75 percent. Of course, if there are damaged frames, the
utilization percentage is much less because frames have to be resent.

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 HDLC

Configurations and Transfer Modes

Frames

Frame Format

Examples

Data Transparency
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 NRM

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 ABM

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 HDLC frame

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 HDLC frame types

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 I-frame

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 S-frame control field in HDLC

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 U-frame control field in HDLC

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 U-frame control command and response
Command/response Meaning
SNRM Set normal response mode
SNRME Set normal response mode (extended)
SABM Set asynchronous balanced mode
SABME Set asynchronous balanced mode (extended)
UP Unnumbered poll
UI Unnumbered information
UA Unnumbered acknowledgment
RD Request disconnect
DISC Disconnect
DM Disconnect mode
RIM Request information mode
SIM Set initialization mode
RSET Reset
XID Exchange ID
FRMR Frame reject
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 Note:

Bit stuffing is the process of adding

one extra 0 whenever there are five
consecutive 1s in the data so that the
receiver does not mistake the
data for a flag.

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 Bit stuffing and removal

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 Bit stuffing in HDLC

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