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CH 12 Disk Scheduling

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14 views13 pages

CH 12 Disk Scheduling

Disk

Uploaded by

PRINCE RAJ
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 12: Mass-Storage

Systems

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Disk Scheduling
 The operating system is responsible for using hardware
efficiently — for the disk drives, this means having a fast
access time and disk bandwidth
 Access time has two major components
 Seek time is the time for the disk are to move the heads to
the cylinder containing the desired sector
 Rotational latency is the additional time waiting for the disk
to rotate the desired sector to the disk head
 Minimize seek time
 Seek time  seek distance
 Disk bandwidth is the total number of bytes transferred,
divided by the total time between the first request for service
and the completion of the last transfer

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 12.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Disk Scheduling (Cont.)
 Several algorithms exist to schedule the servicing of disk
I/O requests
 We illustrate them with a request queue (0-199)

98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67

Head pointer 53

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 12.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
FCFS

Illustration shows total head movement of 640 cylinders

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 12.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
SSTF

 Selects the request with the minimum seek


time from the current head position
 SSTF scheduling is a form of SJF
scheduling; may cause starvation of some
requests
 Illustration shows total head movement of
236 cylinders

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 12.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
SSTF (Cont.)

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 12.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
SCAN

 The disk arm starts at one end of the disk,


and moves toward the other end, servicing
requests until it gets to the other end of the
disk, where the head movement is reversed
and servicing continues.
 SCAN algorithm Sometimes called the
elevator algorithm
 Illustration shows total head movement of
208 cylinders

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 12.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
SCAN (Cont.)

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 12.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
C-SCAN

 Provides a more uniform wait time than SCAN


 The head moves from one end of the disk to
the other, servicing requests as it goes
 When it reaches the other end, however, it
immediately returns to the beginning of the
disk, without servicing any requests on the
return trip
 Treats the cylinders as a circular list that wraps
around from the last cylinder to the first one

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 12.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
C-SCAN (Cont.)

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 12.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
C-LOOK

 Version of C-SCAN
 Arm only goes as far as the last
request in each direction, then reverses
direction immediately, without first
going all the way to the end of the disk

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 12.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
C-LOOK (Cont.)

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 12.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Selecting a Disk-Scheduling Algorithm

 SSTF is common and has a natural appeal


 SCAN and C-SCAN perform better for systems that place
a heavy load on the disk
 Performance depends on the number and types of
requests
 Requests for disk service can be influenced by the file-
allocation method
 The disk-scheduling algorithm should be written as a
separate module of the operating system, allowing it to be
replaced with a different algorithm if necessary
 Either SSTF or LOOK is a reasonable choice for the
default algorithm

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 12.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009

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