Basic Electrical Engineering

21ELE13/23
Module 2 ( Part-2 )
Three-phase circuits: Generation of three-phase power, representation
of balanced star (3 wire and 4 wire system) and delta connected loads, the
relation between phase and line values of voltage and current from
phasor diagrams, advantages of three-phase systems. Measurement of
three-phase power by two-wattmeter method.
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Mr. Mohan B S
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE,
SJBIT, Bengaluru 560060
email: [email protected]

SJBIT EEE Department

How well do you know your house with respect to electrical quantities
Load at you house, are they connected to single phase or three phase ?
 Depends, most (99%) of the loads are single phase
How many wires for a single phase circuit?
 Three (Neutral, Ground & Live)
How many wires for a three phase circuit?
 Five (Neutral, Ground & 3 Live)
What are single phase load at your house?

What are three phase load at your house?

Fault

R Y B

Three Phase
Distribution Transformer
 To identify three phase and single phase loads ?
• Is it Star or Delta connected load ?
 If phase R is interrupted, which all loads don’t work ?
 If phase Y is interrupted, which all loads don’t work ?
 If phase B is interrupted, which all loads don’t work ?
 AC Generation, when conductor
rotates Anti clockwise

C A
S N
Fig a
D B

Slip Rings LOAD

M TO N
M

A C
S N Fig b

B D
N

Slip Rings LOAD N TO M

Basic Electrical Engineering M
EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
 N to M

M to N

E= EM Sin θ volts - - (1)

Force experienced by the coil is 90º wrt to flux lines

i.e. when θ = 90º, then sin θ = 1, hence 'e' has
maximum value, say Em.
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
 360° - 120° = 240° VR Vm Sin wt
120° VY Vm Sin wt120
Sin ((wt 240 ) )
VB Vm
Vm Sin ( wt  120
240 )
120°
-240°
120°
-120°

Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN

 Balanced Supply, Balanced Load & Phase Sequence

Z
Z= R + jXL - jXc
Z
XL= wL in ohms
Z
Xc=1/wc in ohms

Unit for L is H
Unit for C is F

Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN

 The order in which the three phase voltages attain their positive peak values is
known as the phase sequence.
The phase sequence is said to be RYB if R attains its peak or maximum value first with
respect to the reference as shown in the clockwise direction followed by Y phase 120°
later and B phase 240° later than the R phase
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
 The order in which the three phase voltages attain their positive peak values is
known as the phase sequence.

Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN

 VL, Vp-p Line Voltage

Vp Phase Voltage

VL, Vp-p Line Voltage is equal to Phase voltage Vp

Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN

 R Line
IL STAR CONNECTED LOAD
Three Phase supply Current R
VBR
Line Voltage Phase
VRY VRN
Current
B IL
VBN N
VYB IP
B
Y IL VYN IP
Y
VBN
R Y B R YB
• In Star connected Loads IP = IL
• Relationship b/w VL & VP RY 1
• Assume RYB Phase Sequence VRN
Y
2
B
VYN BR 3
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
 R IL STAR CONNECTED LOAD
Three Phase supply R
VBR VRY VRN
B IL
VBN N
VYB IP
B
Y IL VYN IP
Y
• In Star connected Loads IP = IL -VRN + VYN + VRY = 0
• Relationship b/w VL & VP Equate line and phase
• Assume RYB Phase Sequence
• Lets apply KVL between Phase R & Y VRY = VRN - VYN

Phase
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
• In Star connected LoadsVIBN
P = IL &
VRY
- VYN
VRY = VRN - VYN
A
VRY = VRN + [- VYN] 120° 60°
30°
OA VRY O VRN
2
B
OB = VRN Base OA
Cos 30  
Hypotenuse OB
VRY
3 2

• If Line Voltage is2taken
VYNVRNas reference
• Then Phase Voltage3 *lags
VRN byVRY30°
3 VP VL
VVVLLL

333VV
VPPP
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
 • Assume RYB Phase Sequence
VBN VRY
VBR
30°
120°

30°
VRN
120°
120°

RY 1
30° Y
VYN 2
B
BR 3
VYB
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
 R IL STAR CONNECTED LOAD
Three Phase supply
VBR VRY VRN
B IL
VBN N
VYB IP
Y IL VYN

Power Consumed in Each phase Total 3Φ Power

• PRR = VPRN* *IPIP* *Cos
Cosθθ- - - (a) PT=PR+PY+PB
• PYY = VPYN* *IPIP* *Cos
Cosθθ- - - (b) PT= 3 VP IP Cos θ - - (d)
• PBB = VPBN**IPIP**CosCosθθ- - - (c) In Star
Q = VL IL Sin θVAR VP = ; I P = I L
S= VLIL VA
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
 R IR = I L
Three Phase supply IBR R
Line
VBR Phase IRY
Voltage VRY Voltage
B IB = I L

VYB B
IYB Y
Y IY = I L

• In Delta VP = VL R Y B R YB
• By assuming RYB as phase sequence RY 1
• To mark phase currents At Junction R
IR + IYBR = 2IRY
• Apply KCL at Junction R B
IR =BRIRY - I3BR
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
• In Delta connected
At Junction R Loads IBR
• VIPR==VILRY
&I- LI=BR IP
B
0 IRY
IR = IRY + [- IBR]
30°
• For RYB Phase sequence 60° A
• Phase currents are 120°
IR
IRY, IYB & IBR IYB -IBR
I is Line Base
currentOA IR
Cos 30 
R  where OA = and OB IRY
Hypotenuse OB 2
•3 IfIRLine
2 current are taken as reference

2• Then
IRY Phase current leads by 30°
3 * IRY  IR
3 IPh IL
IL  3 IPh      ( 2)
 Measurement Of Three Phase Power
1. Three wattmeter's method
2. Two wattmeter's method
3. Single wattmeter method.

For Wattmeter W1:

W1 = VBY * IB * Cos (angle between VBY & IB)
W2 = VRY * IR * Cos (angle between VRY & IR)
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
 Measurement Of Three Phase Power
IB V
-VBY V
VBR VBN θ° YB RY

30°

30°
VRN
θ°
IR
IY
θ°
30° W1 = VBY * IB * Cos (angle between VBY & IB)
VYN ̥ ° ̥ angle between VBY & IB
is (30° - θ)
VYB
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
 Measurement Of Three Phase Power
IB VRY
VBR VBN θ°
30°

30°
VRN
θ°
IR
IY
θ°
30° W2 = VRY * IR * Cos (angle between VRY & IR)
VYN ̥ ° ̥ angle between VRY & IR
is (30° + θ)
VYB
Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN
 Total Power = W1 + W2
VBY * IB * Cos (30° - θ) + VRY * IR * Cos (30° + θ)
But
VBY = VRY = VL and IB = IR = IL
= VL IL cos (30° - θ) + VL IL cos (30° + θ)
= VL IL [cos (30° - θ) + cos (30°+ θ)]
= VL IL [cos30°*cos θ +sin 30°*sin θ + cos 30°*cos θ -sin

= VL IL [ 30°*sin θ]cos θ]
2 cos 30°
= VL IL [2 ( / 2) cos θ]
P = √3 VL IL Cos θ watts

Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN

 Power Factor By Two Wattmeter Method
We know W1 & W2 either for Star or Delta connected load is
W1= VL IL Cos (30° - θ)
W2 = VL IL Cos (30° + θ)

We know W1 + W2 either in Star or Delta connected load is √3 VL IL Cos θ -- (1)

W1 – W2 = V I Cos (30° - θ) - VL IL Cos (30° + θ)

L L

= VL IL [Cos (30° - θ) - Cos (30° + θ)

= VL IL [Cos30°*Cos θ + Sin 30°*Sin θ - Cos 30°*Cos θ + Sin30°*Sin θ]

= VL IL [2 Sin30° * Sin θ]
= VL IL [2 (½) Sin θ]

W1 – W2 = VL IL Sin θ ----(2)

Basic Electrical Engineering EEE Department B.S.MOHAN

 W1  W2 VL IL Sin θ

W1  W2 3VL IL Cos θ W1 + W2 = √3 VL IL Cos θ
W1  W2 Sin θ W1 – W2 = VL IL Sin θ

W1  W2 3 Cos θ
W1  W2 1
 tan θ
W1  W2 3
W1  W2
3  tan θ
W1  W2
_1
 W1  W2 
tan  3  θ
 W1  W2 

_1
 W1  W2 
θ  tan  3 
W 1  W2
 
  W1  W2  
Power Factor Cos θ ; Cos  tan  3 _ 1
 
 W1  W2  
Basic Electrical Engineering

EEE Department
  B.S.MOHAN
Problem 1: Three equal impedances each of are connected in star across
3-phase, 400 volts 50Hz supply. Calculate
1) Line voltage and phase voltage
2) Line current and phase current
3) Power factor and active power consumed
4) If the same three impedance are connected in delta to the same source of supply
what is the active power consumed ?
Given:

VL = 400 V
f = 50 Hz
230.94 V
1) Line and Phase Voltage 400 V
Vp = ?
Formula
VL =

VP =
= 230.94 V
Problem 1: Three equal impedances each of are connected in star across
3-phase, 400 volts 50Hz supply. Calculate
1) Line voltage and phase voltage
2) Line current and phase current
3) Power factor and active power consumed
4) If the same three impedance are connected in delta to the same source of supply
what is the active power consumed ?
Given:
IL
VL = 400 V
f = 50 Hz
IP 230.94 V
2) Line and Phase Current 400 V
Formula
IL = I P

IP =

23.094 A
Problem 1: Three equal impedances each of are connected in star across
3-phase, 400 volts 50Hz supply. Calculate
1) Line voltage and phase voltage
2) Line current and phase current
3) Power factor and active power consumed
4) If the same three impedance are connected in delta to the same source of supply
what is the active power consumed ?
Given:
IL
VL = 400 V
f = 50 Hz
IP 230.94 V
3) Power factor and active power consumed
400 V
Formula
Cos = ?
P = 3 VP*IP*Cos
VL*IL*Cos
Problem 1: Three equal impedances each of are connected in star across
3-phase, 400 volts 50Hz supply. Calculate
1) Line voltage and phase voltage
2) Line current and phase current
3) Power factor and active power consumed
4) If the same three impedance are connected in delta to the same source of supply
what is the active power consumed ?
Given:
IL
3) Power factor and active power consumed
Cos = ?
IP 230.94 V
Formula
Cos = 400 V
= 0.5 Lagging
• How to find R ?
• Convert Polar form of Z to
Rectangular form

R + XL i Active power 8kW

Problem 1: Three equal impedances each of are connected in star across
3-phase, 400 volts 50Hz supply. Calculate
1) Line voltage and phase voltage
2) Line current and phase current
3) Power factor and active power consumed
4) If the same three impedance are connected in delta to the same source of supply
what is the active power consumed ?
IL = IP
Given:
IL23.094 A
4) Active power consumed if load in Delta
connected I =I
• Where is VP ? IL L P
IP 230.94 V
• In 23.094 A 400 V
VL = VP
400 V

IP
 IL = IP
Given:
IL23.094 A
4) Active power consumed if load in Delta
connected I =I
• Where is VP ? IL L P
IP 230.94 V
• In 23.094 A 400 V
VL = VP
400 V
IP = 400 /10 IP =
IP = 40 AIP
IL = 69.282 A Active power 8kW
Active power 24kW IP = 23.094 A
 Did you notice that a three phase balance load draws ___
3 times as much
power when connected in delta, as it would draw when connected in star
Problem 2: Three inductive coils each having resistance of 16Ω and reactance of 12Ω are
connected in star across a 400V, 3-P, 50 Hz supply. Calculate: i) Line voltage ii) phase
voltage, iii) Line current, iv) Phase current v) Power factor vi) Power absorbed.
Draw phasor diagram.
Given: iii) Line Current vi) Power absorbed
Star IL = ? P = VL* IL *Cos
VL = 400 V IL = I P VP* IP *Cos
f = 50 Hz 6.4kW
Z = 16 + 12i Ω First find out Phase current
20 36.869 Ω
IP = = = 11.547 A
i) Line Voltage
VL = 400V
IL = I P
= 11.547 A
ii) Phase Voltage
v) Power factor
Formula
Formula
VL =
Cos
VP = = 230.94 V
0.8 lagging
 VBN = 230.94 Sin (314.159 t +120°
VBN
69°11.547 Sin(314.159 t – 276.87°) VRY
VBR 6 .8
3 IB 360°-276.87°
30° = 83.13°

W=2
30° VRN = 230.94 Sin (314.159t)
7°)
6.8 VRN
– 15
t
. 159 36.869°
(3 14 IY
7 Sin
. 54
11 IR
36.869°
-36.869° -120° 11.547 Sin(314.159 t - 36.87°)
30° Current
VYN Lags, Leads or unity ?
VYN = 230.94 Sin (314.159 t -120°)
Current
Lags by 36.869 °
VYB
 Problem 3: Three identical choke coils are connected as a delta load to a three
phase supply. The line current drawn from the supply is 15A and total power
consumed is 7.5kW. The kVA input to the load is 10 KVA. Find out
i) Line and Phase voltage ii) impedance/phase iii) reactance/phase
iv) resistance/phase v) Power factor vi) phase current vii) inductance if f is 50
Hz
Given:
ii) Impedance/phase (ZP)
Delta |ZP|= = =
IL = 15A
|ZP| = 44.44 ohms
P = 7,500 W
S = 10,000 VA
f = 50 Hz iii) Reactance/phase (XL)
i) Line and Phase voltage iv) Resistance/phase (R)
S = VL IL or VP IP ZP = R + Xli ohms
S = V L IL
10,000 = VL* 15 Lets represent Z in polar form
VL= 384.900V then convert to rectangular form
In delta ZP = r
VP and VL are related as ?
VP =VL= 384.900 V
Problem 3: Three identical choke coils are connected as a delta load to a three
phase supply. The line current drawn from the supply is 15A and total power
consumed is 7.5kW. The kVA input to the load is 10 KVA. Find out
i) Line and Phase voltage ii) impedance/phase iii) reactance/phase
iv) resistance/phase v) Power factor vi) phase current vii) inductance if f is 50
Hz Lets find
ii) Impedance/phase
Power factor is (Z P)
given as
|ZP|= = Cos==
|ZP| = 44.44
Cos =ohms
0.75
𝜃 = Cos-1 (0.75)
iii) Reactance/phase (XLlagging
𝜃 = 41.409 )
iv) Resistance/phase (R)
ZP = R + XliZohms
= 44.444 41.409
Z = 33.333 + 29.396i Ohms
Lets represent Z in polar form
then convert to= rectangular
R + Xform
Li ohms
XL= 2f L ZP = r R = 33.333 ohms
L = XL/2f XL= 29.396 ohms
L = 0.0936 H
Problem 3: Three identical choke coils are connected as a delta load to a three
phase supply. The line current drawn from the supply is 15A and total power
consumed is 7.5kW. The kVA input to the load is 10 KVA. Find out
i) Line and Phase voltage ii) impedance/phase iii) reactance/phase
iv) resistance/phase v) Power factor vi) phase current vii) inductance if f is 50
Hz

vi) Phase current ? (IP) i) Line and Phase voltage

S = VL IL or VP IP
IL = 15 A S = V L IL
Load ? 10,000 = VL* 15
Star / Delta VL= 384.900V
Formula In delta
IL = IP VP and VL are related as ?
VP =VL= 384.900 V
IP= IL/ Active power
IP= 8.6602A P = 3 VP * IP * Cos
P = VL * IL * Cos
Cos = P/( VL * IL)
or
Cos = P/(3*VP * IP)
Problem 4: A balanced delta connected load of impedance 60 30° ohms per
phase is connected to a 3-phase supply of 400V, phase sequence RYB
Find:
1) The phase and line values of current
2) Total power and reactive voltampere,
3) Total phase angle of line current IR with respect to line voltage VRY, drawing a
sketch of the relevant phasors
Given: 2) Total power and reactive power
System: Delta P,Q &S
VL=VP= 400
1) Phase and Line currents P = VL* IL * Cos
IP
We shall first find _____ = * 400 * 11.547 * Cos
IP = = = 6.667A
Cos = ?
IL = * 6.667 Cos = = 5/60 = 0.866
IL = 11.547 A P = 6928.263 W
Converting Z from polar form to rectangular form we get

51.962 + 30i
Problem 4: A balanced delta connected load of impedance 60 30° ohms per
phase is connected to a 3-phase supply of 400V, phase sequence RYB
Find:
1) The phase and line values of current
2) Total power and reactive voltampere,
3) Total phase angle of line current IR with respect to line voltage VRY, drawing a
sketch of the relevant phasors
2) Total2)power and reactive
Total power power power
and reactive
P,Q & P ,SQ & S

P = VLQ* I=L *VCos

L* IL * Sin
= * 400
= **11.547 * Cos * Sin(Cos - 1
400 * 11.547

Cos = ?
Q= 4000 VAR
Cos = = 5/60 = 0.866 Lag
P = 6928.263 W
Converting Z from polar form to rectangular form we get

51.962 + 30i
VBN =VBR Cos = 0.866 Lag
IB 30
30° IBR

VRN =VRY
IY θ°
30°
30° IRY
IYB
30° IR

• Phase currents
VYN=VYB • Line currents lags or leads phase currents ?
• IL lags 30° wrt IP (Derivation)
Problem 5: Three-phase star-connected load when supplied from 400 V, 50 Hz source
takes a line current of 10 A at -66.86° w.r.t. its line voltage. Calculate (i) impedance
parameters (ii) power factor and active power consumed.

Given:
VL = 400V
IL = 10 -66.86° VBN
VBR
VRY
i) Impedance parameters

Z, R
R,&
XL,XX
L C 30°
=
-36. VRN
8 6°
-66.86°
= 23.094 36.86°

= 18.478 + 13.853 i IR
VYN
= R + XL i ii) Power factor
L = 44.095m H = 36.86°
VYB Cos (36.86) = 0.8 Lag
Problem 5: Three-phase star-connected load when supplied from 400 V, 50 Hz source
takes a line current of 10 A at -66.86° w.r.t. its line voltage. Calculate (i) impedance
parameters (ii) power factor and active power consumed.

Given:
VL = 400V
IL = 10 -66.86° VBN
VBR
VRY
ii) Active power
P = 3 VP * IP * Cos
P = 5544 W 30°

-36. VRN
8 6°
-66.86°

IR
VYN
ii) Power factor
= 36.86°
VYB Cos (36.86) = 0.8 Lag
Problem 6: The load to a 3-phase supply consists of three similar coils connected in star.
The line currents are 25 A and the kVA and kW inputs are 20 and 11 respectively. Find (i)
the phase and line voltages (ii) the kVAR input (iii) resistance and reactance of each coil.

Given: ii) The KVAR input From Power Triangle

star Q=? Q = S * Sin
IL = 25 A = Cos-1 (11/20)
S= = 56.633°
S = 20,000 VA
P = 11,000 W Q=
Q = S * Sin
Q = 16.7 kVAR
i) Phase and Line voltage Q = 16.7 K VAR

S = 3 VP *IP S =VL *IL iii) R and XL

VP = S/(3*IP) VL = S/(*IL)
VP = 266.667 V VL = 461.88 V ZP = VP/IP
ZP = 10.68 Ω
VL = * VP
VL = 461.88 V RP = ZP * Cos
RP = 5.87 Ω
XL = ZP * Sin
XL= XL = 8.92 Ω
XL= 8.92Ω
Problem 7: When the three identical star-connected coils are supplied with 440 V, 50 Hz,
3-phase supply, the 1–phase wattmeter whose current coil is connected in the line R and the
pressure coil across the phase R and neutral reads 6 kW and ammeter connected in R-phase
reads 30 A. Assuming RYB phase, find (i) the resistance and reactance of each coil (ii)
reactive power of 3–phase load (iii) power factor.

Given:
VL = 440 V
f = 50 Hz
Single phase
Power associated = 6,000 W
With Phase R
IP = 30A
Phase Sequence = RYB Watt
meter
P = VP*IP*Cos
6000 = * 30 * Cos
Cos = 6000/(254.034 *30)
Cos = 0.787 Lag
Problem 7: When the three identical star-connected coils are supplied with 440 V, 50 Hz,
3-phase supply, the 1–phase wattmeter whose current coil is connected in the line R and the
pressure coil across the phase R and neutral reads 6 kW and ammeter connected in R-phase
reads 30 A. Assuming RYB phase, find (i) the resistance and reactance of each coil (ii)
reactive power of 3–phase load (iii) power factor.

Given: i) The resistance and reactance of each coil

VL = 440 V
f = 50 Hz R = ZP * Cos = 8.47 × 0.787 = 6.66 Ω
Single phase XL = ZP * Sin = 8.47 × 0.616 = 5.22 Ω
Power associated = 6,000 W
With Phase R ZP = = = 8.47 Ω
IP = 30A
Phase Sequence = RYB
Cos ɵ = 0.787 Lag
ii) reactive power of 3–phase load