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31 views20 pages

Lec 1

Uploaded by

lorene7910
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Structures

Lecture: Asymptotic Notations & Complexity Analysis

By
Arvind Kumar
Asst. Professor,
Lovely Professional University, Punjab
Contents
• Basic Terminology
• Complexity of Algorithm
• Asymptotic Notations
• Review Questions
Basic Terminology
• Algorithm: is a finite step by step list of well-defined
instructions for solving a particular problem.

• Complexity of Algorithm: is a function which gives running


time and/or space requirement in terms of the input size.

• Time and Space are two major measures of efficiency of an


algorithm.
Algorithm

Specification of Output
Specification of Input
(e.g. any sequence of natural Algorithm as a function of Input
numbers) (e.g. sequence of sorted
natural numbers)
Characteristics of Good Algorithm
• Efficient
• Running Time
• Space used

• Efficiency as a function of input size


• Size of Input
• Number of Data elements
Time-Space Tradeoff
• By increasing the amount of space for storing the
data, one may be able to reduce the time needed for
processing the data, or vice versa.
Complexity of Algorithm
• Time and Space used by the algorithm are two main
measures for efficiency of any algorithm M.

• Time is measured by counting the number of key


operations.

• Space is measured by counting the maximum of


memory needed by the algorithm.
• Complexity of Algorithm is a function f(n) which gives
running time and/or space requirement of algorithm M in terms
of the size n of the input data.

• Worst Case: The maximum value of f(n) for any possible input.

• Average Case: The expected or average value of f(n).

• Best Case: Minimum possible value of f(n).


Analysis of Insertion Sort Algorithm
cost times
for j←2 to n do c1 n
key ←A[j] c2 n-1
i ←j-1 c3 n-1
while i>0 and A[i] > key c4
do A[i+1] ←A[i] c5
i-- c6
A[i+1] ← key c7 n-1
Total Time = n(c1 + c2 + c3 + c7) +
- (c2 + c3 + c5 + c6 + c7)
Analysis of Insertion Sort
Total Time = n(c1 + c2 + c3 + c7) +
- (c2 + c3 + c5 + c6 + c7)
• Best Case: Elements are already sorted, tj=1
running time = f(n)
• Worst Case: Elements are sorted in reverse order,
tj=j
running time = f(n2)
• Average Case: tj= j/2
running time = f(n2)
Rate of Growth
• The rate of growth of some standard functions
g(n) is:

log2n < n < nlog2n < n2 < n3 < 2n


Analysis of Algorithms
• // Here c is a constant
for (int i = 1; i <= c; i++)
{
// some O(1) expressions
}

• O(1): Time complexity of a function (or set of


statements) is considered as O(1) if it doesn’t
contain loop, recursion and call to any other
function.
Analysis of Algorithms
• for (int i = 1; i <= n; i += c)
{ // some O(1) expressions }

• for (int i = n; i > 0; i -= c)


{ // some O(1) expressions }

• O(n): Time Complexity of a loop is considered as


O(n) if the loop variables is incremented /
decremented by a constant amount.
Analysis of Algorithms
• for (int i = 1; i <=n; i += c)
{
for (int j = 1; j <=n; j += c)
{ // some O(1) expressions
}
}
• for (int i = n; i > 0; i -= c)
{
for (int j = i+1; j <=n; j += c)
{ // some O(1) expressions
} }
• O(n2): Time complexity of nested loops is equal to the
number of times the innermost statement is executed.
Analysis of Algorithms
• for (int i = 1; i <=n; i *= c)
{ // some O(1) expressions }

• for (int i = n; i > 0; i /= c)


{ // some O(1) expressions }

• O(Logn) Time Complexity of a loop is


considered as O(Logn) if the loop variables is
divided / multiplied by a constant amount.
Analysis of Algorithms
• for (int i = 2; i <=n; i = pow(i, c))
{ // some O(1) expressions }

• //Here fun is sqrt or cuberoot or any other


constant root
for (int i = n; i > 0; i = fun(i))
{ // some O(1) expressions }
• O(LogLogn) Time Complexity of a loop is
considered as O(LogLogn) if the loop variables is
reduced / increased exponentially by a constant
amount.
Analysis of Algorithms
• for (int i = 2; i*i <=n; i++))
{ // some O(1) expressions }

• O(√n) Time Complexity.


Questions
Review Questions
• When an algorithm is said to be better than the
other?

• Can an algorithm have different running times on


different machines?

• How the algorithm’ running time is dependent on


machines on which it is executed?
Review Questions
Find out the complexity:
function ()
{
if (condition)
{
for (i=0; i<n; i++) { // simple statements}
}
else
{
for (j=1; j<n; j++)
for (k=n; k>0; k--) {// simple statement}
}
}

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