Respiratory Viral Infection Virus of Flue Influenza

RESPIRATOR
Y VIRAL
INFECTION.
VIRUS OF
FLUE
(INFLUENZA)
TOSHI GIRIPUNJE 308

RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTION
◼ Respiratory infection means

something that affects the lungs and
airways (breathing passages)
◼ Myxovirus
INFLUENZA
◼ Influenza is a highly contagious viral infection of the nose, throat, and lungs that occurs most often in
the late fall, winter, and early spring.
◼ Incubation period is about 2 days but ranges from 1 - 4 days
◼ There are 4 types (on the basis of variation in this nucleoprotein antigen) –
1. influenza A
a) Hemagglutinin(HA)
b) Neuraminidase(NA)
2. Influenza B
3. Influenza C
4. Influenza D
STRUCTURE
◼ Shape - Spherical or filamentous

◼ Envelope –
✔ the outer layer - is a lipid membrane , Inserted with‘spikes’,
which are proteins – glycoproteins ,H (hemagglutinin) and N
(neuraminidase). These are the proteins that determine the
subtype of influenza virus, Also embedded in the lipid
membrane is the M2 protein(channel)
✔ inner layer – made up of protein , M1(matrix protein)
◼ Nucleocapsid – made up of protein
◼ RNA – single stranded ,antisense
ANTIGEN
Two types of antigens:

◼ Group-specific antigens - The ribonucleoprotein (RNP) antigen, or the “soluble” antigen, or the internal antigen
is the group-specific antigen.
◼ Type-specific antigens - surface antigen, or “viral” antigen, or “V antigen” is composed of two virus-encoded
proteins, HA and NA, which are the type-specific antigens.
Features Hemagglutinin(HA) Neuraminidase(NA)
structure Trimer Tetramer
Polypeptide HA 1 and HA 2
Arrangement triangular-shaped HA is mushroomshaped NA is
inserted into the virus inserted into the virus
membrane by its tail end membrane by its
hydrophobic tail end
Binding neuraminic acid (sialic acid) N-acetyl neuraminic acid or
cell receptor, the cell surface sialic acid residues present
glycoprotein receptor on the glycoprotein receptors
on red cells
Function Provide protective immunity Limit viral spread
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
◼ Direct antigen detection

◼ Virus isolation
◼ Detection of influenza-specific RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-
PCR).Laboratory confirmation of influenza virus
DIRECT ANTIGEN DETECTION
◼ It works on the principle of

immunofluorescent
◼ In this antigen are placed at the base
and then an antibody with enzyme
attached at its base is added
◼ At last substrate is added and if there is
antigen – antibody reaction then there
will be color change (i.e positive test)
VIRUS ISOLATION AND ANIMAL SUSCEPTIBILITY
◼ Chick embryos. The influenza viruses grow in the allantoic and amniotic cavity of the chick embryos. After an
incubation period of 3 days, the fluid is tested for hemagglutination activities of the viruses.
◼ Cell culture. Cell lines are widely used for culture of influenza viruses. They can grow in several primary and
continuous cell lines. Rhesus Monkey kidney cell lines (LLC-MK2) and Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK)
are the continuous cell lines frequently used to isolate influenza viruses.
◼ Laboratory animals. Human influenza virus causes experimental infections in a variety of animals.
Intracerebral inoculation of mice by neurotrophic strains produces fatal encephalitis. It causes an acute
respiratory disease on intranasal inoculation in ferrets.
◼ Pathogenesis and Immunity. Influenza virus is transmitted from person to person primarily in droplets released
by sneezing and coughing.
RT - PCR
◼ It is same as PCR but it has an added step of reverse

transcription of RNA to DNA
◼ RT–PCR is used for those containing RNA that needs
to be transcribed to DNA for amplification
◼ It is performed in ‘real time’, which means results
are visible almost immediately
TREATMENT
Old drugs Latest drugs
◼ Amantadine and rimantadine are the specific ◼ Zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu) are
antiviral agents available for treatment of newer drugs for treatment of influenza and are effective
against both influenza A and B viruses.
influenza.
◼ These are the NA inhibitors, which act by inhibiting the
◼ These drugs are effective against influenza A
release of viruses from infected cells.
virus but not against influenza B virus. ◼ These drugs also prevent the spread of virus from one
◼ These drugs when given within 1–2 days of the cell to another.
onset of illness, reduce severity of the disease ◼ Relenza is used in the form of nasal spray, whereas
and also hasten the disappearance of fever and Tamiflu is given orally.
other symptoms.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. Immunoprophylaxis by vaccines
2. Chemoprophylaxis
THANK YOU

Respiratory Viral Infection Virus of Flue Influenza

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RESPIRATOR

TOSHI GIRIPUNJE 308

◼ Respiratory infection means

◼ Shape - Spherical or filamentous

Two types of antigens:

◼ Direct antigen detection

◼ It works on the principle of

◼ It is same as PCR but it has an added step of reverse

Old drugs Latest drugs

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