NETWORK HARDWARE

 Network Interface Card (NIC)

 Media Access Control
 Internet protocol (IP) addresses
 Routers
Network Interface Card (NIC)
A physical card that provides an
interface between computer and the
network.
It provides an identity to out computer
wef MAC address, since MAC address
is inside that NIC.
All the information passed on network
is through NIC
Also called network adapter, network
interface controller or LAN adapter
Network Interface Card (NIC)
A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware
component without which a computer cannot
be connected over a network. It is a circuit
board installed in a computer that provides a
dedicated network connection to the computer.
It is also called network interface controller,
network adapter or LAN adapter.

 EveryNIC comes with a speed rating such as

11 Mbps, 100 Mbps, etc. that suggests the
performance of the NIC.
Means Internet speed is highly depending on the
NIC speed, we have to select that accordingly.
Purpose
NIC allows both wired and wireless
communications.
NIC allows communications between
computers connected via local area
network (LAN) as well as communications
over large-scale network through Internet
Protocol (IP).
NIC is both a physical layer and a data link
layer device, i.e. it provides the necessary
hardware circuitry so that the physical
layer processes and some data link layer
processes can run on it.
Internal/Wired Network Cards
In internal networks cards,
motherboard has a slot for the
network card where it can be
inserted. It requires network
cables to provide network
access.
External/Wireless Network
Cards
In desktops and laptops that do
not have an internal NIC, external
NICs are used.
External network cards are of two
types: Wireless and USB based.
External/Wireless Network
Cards
Wireless network card needs to
be inserted into the motherboard,
however no network cable is
required to connect to the
network.
 They are useful while traveling
or accessing a wireless signal.
MAC Addresses
Media Access Control Address: A
number that uniquely identifies a device
on a network.

MAC refers to NIC or Network Interface

Card, which is part of device.

A MAC address is usually made up of 48

bits, or 6 groups of hex digits (each
group having 8 binary digits); so makes
up as 48 bit address
MAC Addresses

First3 pairs: manufacturer of

device(OUI: Organization Unique Identifier)
2nd half: serial number of device (Vender
Specifier)

For example, 00-1C-B3-4F-25-FE or

00:1C:B3:4F:25:FE is MAC of device by
Apple Corporation (code: 001CB3) with
serial number of: 4F25FE.
MAC Addresses
Manufacturer ID numbers
include:
00-14-22 for DELL
00-40-96 for Cisco
00-a0-c9 for Intel and so on

You can also find the MAC

Address if your own device
Types of MAC Addresses
There are two main types of MAC
addresses:
◦ Universally Administered Address
(UAA)
◦ Locally Administered Address (LAA).
Universally Administered
Address (UAA)
The UAA is the more popular
type, which is assigned by the
device manufacturer
Locally Administered Address
(LAA)
There are some occasions when
a user or organization wishes to
change their MAC address. This is
relatively easy task to carry out,
but a problem occurred like if the
changed addressed isn’t unique.
Reasons to change MAC
address
IP Address
An IP address is a unique address
that identifies a device on the
internet or a local network. IP
stands for "Internet Protocol,"
which is the set of rules
governing the format of data sent
via the internet or local network.
IP Address Version
There are two version of IP:

◦ IP v4 is based on 32 bit and the

address is written in four groups of
eight bits (shown in denary format)
 For example 254.25.28.77
◦ IPv6 is 128-bit number broken into
16 chunks, represented in hex
 For example fe80:866f:ceff:fee1:bc3a
Advantages of IPv6
Themain advantages of IPv6
compared to IPv4 are:
Comparison of Mac and IP
adresses
Static IP Address
A static IP address is permanently
assigned to a device by the internet
service provider (ISP).
These are usually assign to:
◦ Remote hosting servers.
◦ An online database.
◦ A File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server. FTP
servers are used when files need to be
transferred to various computers throughout
the network.
Static IP Address
Dynamic IP address
A dynamic IP address is a
temporary address for devices
connected to a network that
continually changes over time.
This is done using Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) is a network management
protocol used to automate the
process of configuring devices on IP
Dynamic IP address
Dynamic IP addresses and
Static IP addresses
Routers
A router is a device that connects
two or more packet-switched
networks or sub networks. It
serves two primary functions:
managing traffic between these
networks by forwarding data
packets to their intended IP
addresses, and allowing multiple
devices to use the same Internet
connection.
Routers
In order to direct packets effectively, a
router uses an internal routing table
— a list of paths to various network
destinations. The router reads a
packet's header to determine where it
is going, then consults the routing
table to figure out the most efficient
path to that destination. It then
forwards the packet to the next
network in the path.
Router can be wired or wireless.
Activity