Dr. D. Y.
Patil Pratishthan’s
College of Engineering, Salokhenagar, Kolhapur
Department of First Year Engineering
Subject: Basic Mechanical Engineering
(F.Y. B.Tech Sem-I)
By
Prof. Pravin K. Desai
(DAE,B.E.Mechanical, M.E.Design)
HoD, First Year Engineering
UNIT 1:IC ENGINE
ENGINE:-
Engine:-
Engine is a device which can convert chemical energy of fuel into heat energy and convert that
heat energy into mechanical energy.
Classification /Types of Engine:-
According to the combustion type:-
1.Internal combustion (IC).
2.External Combustion (EC)
According to the type of fuel:-
1.Petrol
2.Diesel 2
3.Gas
4.Biodiesel
5.Alternative Fuels
ENGINE:-
According to the Number of strokes-
1.Two stroke petrol.
2.Four stroke diesel.
According to the Type of ignition:-
1.Spark Ignition.(SI)
2.Copmpression Ignition.(CI)
According to the Arrangement of cylinders:-
1. Inline Type.
2.V- Type.
3. W-Type. 3
4. Horizontal type.
5.Verical type
ENGINE:-
According to the motion of Pistons :-
1. Reciprocating piston.
2. Rotary piston.
According to the type of Engine cooling :-
1.Air cooled.
2.Water cooled.
3.Oil cooled.
According to Number of cylinders:-
1. Single cylinder.
2.Double Cylinder. 4
3. Multi-cylinder.
ENGINE :-
IC Engine:-
The I.C. (Internal Combustion) engines
are those engines in which fuels like
Petrol or Diesel are burnt inside the
engine and accordingly the thermal
energy is converted into mechanical.
5
ENGINE :-
EC Engine:-
In external combustion the fuel like
coak, coal, wood etc. are burnt outside
to transfer the thermal energy to
some media like steam and that
high temperature, high pressure
media is allowed to transfer the
thermal energy into mechanical
type in a separate engine.
6
ENGINE :-
IC Engine:-
7
IC ENGINE EXPLOADED VIEW :-
8
IC ENGINE :-
Construction and Working of IC Engine:-
1.Inlet Passage (manifold):
It is a pipe connecting the inlet system to the
inlet valves of the engine.
Through this manifold air or air fuel
mixture is admitted.
2.Outlet Passage (manifold):
It allows the burnt fuel and the exhaust air
to go out in the atmosphere.
3.Cylinder:-
It is cylindrical vessel or space in which the
piston moves.
The working fluid in the cylinder is subjected to
different thermodynamic processes.
Cylinder is supported in the cylinder block. 9
IC ENGINE :-
Construction and Working of IC Engine:-
4.Piston:-
Metallic cylindrical object which fits precisely
into cylinder.
The reciprocating action of the piston inside the
cylinder cavity creates compression or expansion.
This transmits the gas force to the output shaft.
5.Connecting rod:-
This converts the linear reciprocating motion of
the piston into rotary motion of crank.
It is the connection between piston and crank.
6.Spark plug or Fuel Injector:-Spark plug is used in S. I. Engine only to ignite the A/F mix.
Fuel injector is used in C.I. engine to inject fuel into the combustion chamber. 10
IC ENGINE :-
Construction and Working of IC Engine:-
7.Crank Case:-
Serves as an enclosure for the parts like
connecting rod, crank, crank shaft etc.
8.Crank:-
Rotating element, one end attached to
crank shaft and other to connecting rod.
It is the connection between piston and
crank.
9.Connecting rod:-
Rotating member rotates by crank.
Its one end comes out of engine where
some devices like some machine, pump,
electrical generator, automobile wheels 11
Four Stroke SI(Petrol) ENGINE :-
Components of Four Stroke SI Engine:-
1.Inlet Valve.
2. Exhaust Valve.
3. Cylinder.
4.Piston.
5.Spark Plug.
6.Crankshaft.
7.Connecting Rod.
12
Four Stroke SI(Petrol) ENGINE :-
Working of Four Stroke SI Engine:-
o Intake/Suction Stroke.
o Compression Stroke.
o Power/Expansion Stroke.
o Exhaust Stroke.
13
Four Stroke SI(Petrol) ENGINE :-
Working:-
1.Suction/Intake Stroke:-
Piston starts moving from TDC to BDC. TDC
Inlet valve open and exhaust valve
remain closed.
BDC
Air-fuel mixture entered into the
combustion chamber.
When piston reaches to the BDC first
stroke is completed that is suction stroke.
14
Four Stroke SI(Petrol) ENGINE :-
Working:-
2.Compression Stroke:-
Piston starts moving from BDC to TDC. TDC
Inlet valve and exhaust valve will be closed.
As the piston moves towards TDC it
BDC
compress air-fuel mix. inside the cylinder
& compression takes place.
When piston reaches to the TDC second
stroke is completed called compression
stroke.
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Four Stroke SI(Petrol) ENGINE :-
Working:-
3.Power /Expansion Stroke:-
In expansion stroke, Both the valves are closed. TDC
When piston reaches top of its stroke the Spark
plug is ignited and combustion of air-fuel BDC
mixture is takes place due to high temperature
pressure generated inside the cylinder which
push down the piston to BDC.
Hence it is known as Power or expansion stroke.
The Power generated in this stroke is stored in the flywheel for its further utilization in
the other strokes.
16
Four Stroke SI(Petrol) ENGINE :-
Working:-
4.Exhaust Stroke:-
• Piston starts moving from BDC to TDC. TDC
• Inlet valve closed and exhaust valve opens.
• Piston pushes out the burnt gases to the
BDC
atmosphere through the exhaust valve.
Hence called exhaust stroke & the engine is
ready to begin the cycle again.
17
Four Stroke CI(Diesel) ENGINE :-
Components of Four Stroke CI Engine:-
1.Inlet Valve.
2. Exhaust Valve.
3. Cylinder.
4.Piston.
5.Fuel Injector.
6.Crankshaft.
7.Connecting Rod.
8.Crank case. 18
Four Stroke CI(Diesel) ENGINE :-
Working of Four Stroke CI Engine:-
o Intake/Suction Stroke.
o Compression Stroke.
o Power/Expansion Stroke.
o Exhaust Stroke.
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Four Stroke CI(Diesel) ENGINE :-
Working of Four Stroke CI Engine:-
1.Suction/Intake Stroke:-
Piston starts moving from TDC to BDC.
Inlet valve open and exhaust valve TDC
remain closed.
Only Air entered into the BDC
combustion chamber.
When piston reaches to the BDC first
stroke is completed that is suction stroke
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Four Stroke CI(Diesel) ENGINE :-
Working of Four Stroke CI Engine:-
2.Compression Stroke:-
Piston starts moving from TDC to BDC. TDC
Inlet valve an exhaust valve will be closed.
As the piston moves towards TDC it
compress air inside the cylinder & BDC
compression takes place.
When piston reaches to the TDC second
stroke is completed called compression
stroke.
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Four Stroke CI(Diesel) ENGINE :-
Working of Four Stroke CI Engine:-
3.Power /Expansion Stroke:-
In expansion stroke, Both the valves are closed. TDC
When piston reaches top of its stroke the fuel
injected and combustion of air-fuel
BDC
mixture is takes place due to high tempera-
ture pressure generated inside the cylinder
which push down the piston to BDC.
Hence it is known as Power or expansion stroke.
The Power generated in this stroke is stored
in the flywheel for its furthur utilisation in the other strokes.
22
Four Stroke CI(Diesel) ENGINE :-
Working of Four Stroke CI Engine:-
4.Exhaust Stroke:-
• Piston starts moving from BDC to TDC. TDC
• Inlet valve closed and exhaust valve opens.
• Piston pushes out the burnt gases to the
BDC
atmosphere through the exhaust valve.
Hence called exhaust stroke & the engine is
ready to begin the cycle again.
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Difference between SI(Petrol) & CI(Diesel) ENGINE :-
SR
Parameter SI Engine CI Engine
NO.
1. Definition It is an engine in which the spark is It is an engine in which heat of
used to burn the fuel. compressed air is used to burn the
fuel.
2. Fuel used Petrol is used as fuel. Diesel is used as fuel.
3. Operating cycle It operates on Otto cycle. It operates on Diesel cycle.
4. Compression Low compression ratio. High compression ratio.
ratio
5. Thermal High thermal efficiency. Less thermal efficiency.
efficiency
6. Method of Spark plug is used to produce spark Heat of compressed air is used for the
ignition for the ignition. ignition.
7. Engine Speed High speed engines. Low speed engines.
8. Pressure Low pressure is generated after High pressure is generated
generated combustion. after combustion.
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Difference between SI(Petrol) & CI(Diesel) ENGINE :-
SR
Parameter SI Engine CI Engine
NO.
9. Constant Constant volume cycle. Constant pressure cycle.
parameter
during cycle
10. Intake Air + fuel. Only air.
Weight of Si engine has less weight. CI engine are heavier.
engine
12. Noise It produces less noise. It produces more noise.
production
13. Production of Less Hydrocarbon is produced. More hydrocarbon is produced.
hydrocarbon
14. Starting The starting of SI engine is easy. The starting of CI engine is difficult.
15. Maintenance Low High
cost
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Two Stroke SI(Petrol) ENGINE :-
Working Two Stroke SI(Petrol) ENGINE :-
Construction:-
• The engine contains 3 openings as
shown- Inlet, Exit and Transfer ports
• There are basically 4 processes in a
Inlet port
petrol/diesel engine- Introduction of
fuel, Compression, Ignition and Exhaust.
• In a 4 stroke engine, these 4 processes
happen in 4 different strokes.
• Here, introduction of fuel and compression happens in the first stroke and the next 2
processes in the other.
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Two Stroke SI(Petrol) ENGINE :-
Working Two Stroke SI(Petrol) ENGINE :-
1.Upward stroke:-
• During upward motion, transfer port
and exhaust ports get closed and the
air-fuel mixture gets compressed.
• At the same time inlet port now
opened and piston moving up hence
air-fuel mixture is sucked inside crank case.
• At the end of stroke, spark plug sets spark
and the mixture gets ignited, the thermal
energy gets transferred into mechanical energy.
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Two Stroke SI(Petrol) ENGINE :-
Working Two Stroke SI(Petrol) ENGINE :-
1.Downward stroke:-
• During downward motion of piston after
expansion stroke, the air fuel mixture is
admitted to crank case, the inlet port is
closed and the mixture gets compressed
in the crank case.
• As soon as the transfer port opens this
pressurized air-fuel mixture rushes into
the cylinder, same time the exhaust port gets
opened.
• Due to the piston shape at the top, scavenging action takes place which helps the
exhaust gases to be driven out through exhaust port. 28
Two Stroke SI(Petrol) ENGINE :-
Working Two Stroke SI(Petrol) ENGINE :-
29
Difference between Two stroke & Four stroke ENGINE :-
SR
NO. Two stroke Four stroke
1. It has one revolution of the crankshaft It has two revolutions of the
during one power stroke crankshaft during one power stroke
2. It generates high torque It generates less torque
3. Its uses port for fuel’s outlet and inlet It uses valves for outlet and inlet of a
fuel
4. Its engines result in lesser thermal Its engines result in higher thermal
efficiency efficiency
5. It has a larger ratio in terms of power It has a lesser ratio in terms of power
to weight to weight
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Difference between Two stroke & Four stroke ENGINE :- :-
SR NO. Two stroke Four stroke
6. It generates more smoke and shows It generates less smoke and shows
less efficiency more efficiency
7. Requires more lubricating oil as some Requires less lubricating oil
oil burns with the fuel
8. Due to poor lubrication, more wear and Less wear and tear occurs
tear occurs
9. Engines are cheaper and are simple for Engines are expensive due to
manufacturing lubrication and valves and are tough to
manufacture
10. Engines are basically lighter and are Engines are basically heavier because
noisy its flywheel is heavy and are less noisy
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Thank you…
BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
by
Prof.Pravin Desai
(ME.Design,BE.Mech,DAE.)
