Information and Communication

Technology
• INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
• Information and Communication Technology
• History of ICT
• Uses of ICT In Our Daily Lives
• Communication
• Job Opportunities
• Education
• Socializing
• Impact of ICT in The Society
• Positive impacts of Information and Communication
Technology
• Negative impacts of Information and Communication
Technology
• HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC
COMPUTING PERIODS
• Definition of Computer
• Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily
Lives
• History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
• Basic Computing Periods – Ages
• History of Computer: Generations of Computer
• THE WEB AND THE INTERNET
• The Web
• The Internet
• Brief History of Internet
• Major Components of the Internet
• Uses of Internet
• Internet Terms and Definition
• THE NETIQUETTE AND THE COMPUTER
ETHICS
• Netiquette
• What is Netiquette?
• REMEMBER THE GOLDEN RULE
• AVOID SLANG, ACRONYMS, AND TEXT TALK
• AVOID “SCREAMING” IN TYPED MESSAGES
• PROOFREAD YOUR MESSAGES BEFORE SENDING
• EXERCISE GOOD JUDGMENT WHEN SHARING
INFORMATION WITH OTHERS
• RESPECT DIVERSITY IN VIEWPOINTS
• Cybercrimes
• What is Cyber?
• COMMON FORMS OF CYBERCRIMES:
• Copyright
• Plagiarism
• Computer Addiction
• CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES
• Hacking
• Computer-related forgery, fraud and/or identity theft
• Electronic theft
• Cyberbullying
• Cybersex
• Child Pornography
• Cyber Defamation
• Internet Threats
• Hacking
• Malware
• Pharming
• Phishing
• Ransomware
• Spam
• Spyware (Spyware & Adware)
• Trojan Horses
• Viruses
• Wi-Fi Eavesdropping
• Worms
• Current Trends and Emerging Technologies
• Internet of Things
• Cloud Computing
• Big Data Analytics
• Search Engine Optimization
• Social Media for Business
• Machine learning
• Digital Currency
• Up and coming technologies
History of ICT
• ICT, or information and
communications technology (or
technologies), is the infrastructure and
components that enable modern
computing.

• Although there is no single, universal

definition of ICT, the term is generally
accepted to mean all devices,
networking components, applications
and systems that combined allow
people and organizations (i.e.,
businesses, nonprofit agencies,
governments and criminal enterprises)
to interact in the digital world.
Uses of ICT In Our Daily Lives
Communication
• We all know that ICT take a major role for
us by means of communicating, way
back in the past our parents use to make
letter and send it via post mail. But now
with the help of ICT it is easier to
communicate with our love ones. We can
use cellular phones that design for
communicating with other people even
they are miles away far from you.
• Nowadays people are in touch with the
help of ICT. Through chatting, E-mail,
voice mail and social networking people
communicate with each other. It is the
cheapest means of communication.
 Job Opportunities
• In the employment sector, ICT enables
organizations to operate more
efficiently, so employing staff with ICT
skills is vital to the smooth running of any
business. Being able to use ICT systems
effectively allows employees more time to
concentrate on areas of their job role that
require soft skills.

• Nowadays, employers expect their staff to

have basic ICT skills. This expectation
even applies to job roles where ICT skills
may not have been an essential
requirement in the past.
• Nowadays, finding a job is different, you
can just use your smart phone, laptop,
desktop or any gadgets that is available
in the comfort of your home.
Education
• Information and Communications Technology (ICT) can impact student learning when
teachers are digitally literate and understand how to integrate it into curriculum.
• Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and
manage information.
 Socializing
• Social media has changed the world. The rapid and
vast adoption of these technologies is changing how
we find partners, how we access information from the
news, and how we organize to demand political
change.
• The internet and social media provide young people
with a range of benefits, and opportunities to empower
themselves in a variety of ways. Young people can
maintain social connections and support networks that
otherwise wouldn't be possible and can access more
information than ever before. The communities and
social interactions young people form online can be
invaluable for bolstering and developing young
people's self-confidence andsocial skills.
Impact of ICT in The Society
• Positive impacts of Information and Communication Technology
• Access to information: Increase in access to information and services that has
accompanied the growth of the Internet. Some of the positive aspects of this increased
access are better, and often cheaper, communications, such as VoIP phone and Instant
Messaging.
• Improved access to education, e.g. distance learning and online tutorials. New ways of
earning, e.g. interactive multi-media and virtual reality.
• New tools, new opportunities: ICT gives access to new tools that did not previously
exist: digital cameras, photo-editing software and high quality printers, screen
magnification onscreen reading software enables partially sighted or blind people to
work with ordinary text rather than Braille.
• Communication: Cost savings by using e.g. VoIP instead of normal telephone, email /
messaging instead of post, video conferencing instead of traveling to meetings, e-
commerce web sites instead of sales catalogues. Access to larger, even worldwide,
markets.
• Information management: Data mining of customer information to produce lists for
targeted advertising. Improved stock control, resulting in less wastage, better cash
flow, etc.
• Security: ICT solves or reduces some security problems, e.g. Encryption methods can
keep data safe from unauthorized people, both while it is being stored or while it is
being sent electronically.
• ICT allows people to participate in a wider, even worldwide, society.
• Distance learning: students can access teaching materials from all over the world.
• ICT facilitates the ability to perform ‘impossible’ experiments’ by using simulations.
• Creation of new more interesting jobs. Examples would be systems analysts,
programmers and software engineers, as well as help desk operators and trainers.
Negative impacts of Information and
Communication Technology
• Job loss: Manual operations being replaced by automation. e.g. robots replacing people on an
assembly line. Job export. e.g. Data processing work being sent to other countries where
operating costs are lower. Multiple workers being replaced by a smaller number who are able to
do the same amount of work. e.g. A worker on a supermarket checkout can serve more
customers per hour if a bar-code scanner linked to a computerized till is used to detect goods
instead of the worker having to enter the item and price manually
• Reduced personal interaction: Most people need some form of social interaction in their
daily lives and if they do not get the chance to meet and talk with other people they may feel
isolated and unhappy.
• Reduced physical activity: This can lead to health problems such as obesity, heart disease,
and diabetes.
• Cost: A lot of ICT hardware and software is expensive, both to purchase and to maintain. An ICT
system usually requires specialist staff to run it and there is also the challenge of keeping up
with ever-changing technology.
• Competition: this is usually thought of as being a good thing, but for some organizations being
exposed to greater competition can be a problem. If the organization is competing for
customers, donations, or other means of funding nationally or even internationally, they may
lose out to other organizations that can offer the same service for less money.
Instruction: Answer the following questions.
1.What is the relevance of ICT in your
chosen course?
2.Name at least 4 uses of ICT in our daily
lives and explain.
3.Give 5 positive impacts and 5 negative
impacts of ICT in the society.
Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives

Business
• Almost every business uses computers nowadays. They can be employed to store
and maintain accounts, personnel records, manage projects, track inventory,
create presentations and reports. They enable communication with people both
within and outside the business, using various technologies, including e-mail.
They can be used to promote the business and enable direct interaction with
customers.
Education
• Computers can be used to give learners audio-visual packages, interactive
exercises, and remote learning, including tutoring over the internet. They can be
used to access educational information from intranet and internet sources, or via
e-books. They can be used to maintain and monitor student performance,
including through the use of online examinations, as well as to create projects
and assignments.
Healthcare
Healthcare continues to be revolutionized by computers. As well as digitized
medical
information making it easier to store and access patient data, complex information can
also be analyzed by software to aid discovery of diagnoses, as well as search for risks of
diseases. Computers control lab equipment, heart rate monitors, and blood pressure
monitors. They enable doctors to have greater access to information on the latest drugs,
as well as the ability to share information on diseases with other medical specialists.
Retail and Trade
• Computers can be used to buy and sell products online - this enables sellers to
reach a wider market with low overheads, and buyers to compare prices, read
reviews, and choose delivery preferences. They can be used for direct trading and
advertising too, using sites such as eBay, Craigslist, or local listings on social
media or independent websites.
Government
Various government departments use computers to improve the quality and
efficiency of their services. Examples include city planning, law enforcement,
traffic, and tourism. Computers can be used to store information, promote services,
communicate internally and externally, as well as for routine administrative
purposes.
Marketing
• Computers enable marketing campaigns to be more precise through the analysis
and manipulation of data. They facilitate the creation of websites and
promotional materials. They can be used to generate social media campaigns.
They enable direct communication with customers through email and online chat.
Science
• Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt computers as a work tool. In
science, computers can be used for research, sharing information with other
specialists both locally and internationally, as well as collecting, categorizing,
analyzing, and storing data. Computers also play a vital role in launching,
controlling, and maintaining space craft, as well as operating other advanced
technology.
Publishing
• Computers can be used to design pretty much any type of publication. These
might include newsletters, marketing materials, fashion magazines, novels, or
newspapers. Computers are used in the publishing of both hard-copy and e-
books. They are also used to market publications and track sales.
Arts and Entertainment
• Computers are now used in virtually every branch of the arts, as well as in the
wider entertainment industry. Computers can be used to create drawings, graphic
designs, and paintings. They can be used to edit, copy, send, and print
photographs. They can be used by writers to create and edit. They can be used to
make, record, edit, play, and listen to music. They can be used to capture, edit
and watch videos. They can be used for playing games.
Communication
• Computers have made real-time communication over the internet easy, thanks to
software and videoconferencing services such as Skype. Families can connect
with audio and video, businesses can hold meetings between remote participants,
and news organizations can interview people without the need for a film crew.
Modern computers usually have microphones and webcams built-in nowadays to
facilitate software like Skype. Older communications technologies such as email
are also still used widely.
Banking and Finance
• Most banking in advanced countries now takes place online. You can use
computers to check your account balance, transfer money, or pay off credit
cards. You can also use computer technology to access information on stock
markets, trade stocks, and manage investments. Banks store customer account
data, as well as detailed information on customer behavior which is used to
streamline marketing.
Transport
• Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats are increasingly automated with
computers being used to maintain safety and navigation systems, and
increasingly to drive, fly, or steer. They can also highlight problems that require
attention, such as low fuel levels, oil changes, or a failing mechanical part.
Computers can be used to customize settings for individuals, for example, seat
setup, air-conditioning temperatures.
Navigation
• Navigation has become increasingly computerized, especially since computer
technology has been combined with GPS technology. Computers combined with
satellites mean that it's now easy to pinpoint your exact location, know which
way that you are moving on a map, and have a good idea of amenities and places
of interest around you.
Working From Home
• Computers have made working from home and other forms of remote working
increasingly common. Workers can access necessary data, communicate, and
share information without commuting to a traditional office. Managers are able to
monitor workers' productivity remotely.
Military
• Computers are used extensively by the military. They are use for training
purposes. They are used for analyzing intelligence data. They are used to control
smart technology, such as guided missiles and drones, as well as for tracking
incoming missiles and destroying them. They work with other technologies such
as satellites to provide geospatial information and analysis. They aid
communications. They help tanks and planes to target enemy forces.
Social and Romance
• Computers have opened up many ways of socializing that didn't previously exist.
Social media enables people to chat in text or audio in real time across large
distances, as well as exchange photographs, videos, and memes. Dating sites
and apps help people to find romance. Online groups help people to connect with
others who have similar interests. Blogs enable people to post a variety of views,
updates, and experiences. Online forums enable discussions between people on
specialist or general topics.
Booking Vacations
• Computers can be used by travelers to study timetables, examine route options,
and buy plane, train, or bus tickets. They can be used to explore and book
accommodation, whether traditional hotels, or through newer services, such as
Air BnB. Guided tours, excursions, events, and trips can also be explored and
booked online using computers.
Security and Surveillance
• Computers are increasingly being combined with other technologies to monitor
people and goods. Computers combined with biometric passports make it harder
for people to fraudulently enter a country or gain access to a passenger
airplane. Face-recognition technology makes it easier to identify terrorists or
criminals in public places. Driver plates can be auto scanned by speed cameras
or police cars. Private security systems have also become much more
sophisticated with the introduction of computer technology and internet
technology.
Weather Forecasting
• The world's weather is complex and depends upon a multitude of factors that are
constantly changing. It's impossible for human beings to monitor and process all
the information coming in from satellite and other technologies, never mind
perform the complex calculations that are needed to predict what is likely to
happen in the future. Computers can process the large amounts of meteorological
information.
Robotics
• Robotics is an expanding area of technology which combines computers with
science and engineering to produce machines that can either replace humans, or
do specific jobs that humans are unable to do. One of the first use of robotics was
in manufacturing to build cars. Since then, robots have been developed to
explore areas where conditions are too harsh for humans, to help law
enforcement, to help the military, and to assist healthcare professionals.
Definition of Computer
• Computer is a programmable machine.

• Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It

has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
• Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of
instructions (program).
• Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of
computations or calculations.
Three principal characteristics of computer:
• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
• It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
• It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods

• Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans,

whose job title was computer.
• These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a
mathematical expression.
• The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring
years of training in mathematics.
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a
person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word
continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century.
• Tally sticks
• A tally stick was an ancient memory aid
device to record and document numbers,
quantities, or even messages.
• Abacus
• An abacus is a mechanical device
used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical
calculations.
• The abacus was invented in Babylonia in
2400 B.C.
• The abacus in the form we are most
familiar with was first used in China in
around 500 B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic
operations.
• Napier’s Bones
• Invented by John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and
calculate square and cube roots by moving the
rods around and placing them in specially
constructed boards.
• Slide Rule
• Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
• Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
• Used primarily for – multiplication – division
– roots – logarithms – Trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition or
subtraction.
• Pascaline

• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.

• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
• It is too expensive.

Stepped Reckoner
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply
and divide automatically.
• Jacquard Loom
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom,
invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in
1881.
• It is an automatic loom controlled by
punched cards.

Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator invented by
Thomas de Colmar in 1820,
• The first reliable, useful and commercially
successful calculating machine.
• The machine could perform the four basic
mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
• It an automatic, mechanical calculator
designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and
1834
• It is the first mechanical computer.

• First Computer Programmer

• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to
Babbage that he use the binary system.
• She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.
• Scheutzian Calculation Engine
• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
• Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.

• The first printing calculator.

Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
• To assist in summarizing information and
accounting.
• Harvard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-mechanical computer.

• Z1
• The first programmable computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany
from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the user
insert punch tape into a punch tape reader
and all output was also generated through
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
• It was the first electronic digital computing
device.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and
graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa
State University between 1939 and 1942.

• ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer.
• It was the first electronic general-purpose
computer.
• Completed in 1946.

• Developed by John Presper Eckert and John

Mauchly.
• UNIVAC 1
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer 1) was
the first commercial
computer.
• Designed by John Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.

• EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in
1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a
stored program as well as data.
• The First Portable Computer
• Osborne 1 – the first portable
computer.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne
Computer Corporation.
The First Computer Company
• The first computer company was the
Electronic Controls Company.
• Founded in 1949 by John Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.
Basic Computing Periods - Ages

• Premechanical
• The premechanical age is the earliest age
of information technology. It can be
defined as the time between 3000B.C. and
1450A.D.
• We are talking about a long time ago.
When humans first started communicating
they would try to use language or simple
picture drawings known as petroglyths
which were usually carved in rock.
Mechanical

• The mechanical age can be defined as the

time between 1450 and 1840.
• Technologies like the slide rule (an analog
computer used for multiplying and
dividing) were invented.
• Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which
was a very popular mechanical computer.
• Charles Babbage developed the difference
engine which tabulated polynomial
equations using the method of finite
differences.
Electromechanical
• The electromechanical age can be
defined as the time between 1840 and
1940.
• These are the beginnings of
telecommunication.
• The telegraph was created in the early
1800s. Morse code was created by
Samuel Morse in 1835.
• The telephone (one of the most popular
forms of communication ever) was
created by Alexander Graham Bell in
1876.
• The first large-scale automatic digital
computer in the United States was the
Mark 1 created by Harvard University
around 1940. This computer was 8ft high,
50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons -
HUGE.
Electronic

• The electronic age is what we currently live

in. It can be defined as the time between
1940 and right now.
• The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital
computer capable of being reprogrammed to
solve a full range of computing problems.
• This computer was designed to be used by
the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This
machine was even bigger than the Mark 1
taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30
tons - HUGE.
• It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its
calculations.
History of Computer: Generations of Computer

• There are five generations of computer:

• First generation – 1946 to 1958
• Second generation –1959 to 1964
• Third generation – 1965 to 1970
• Fourth generation –1971 to Today
• Fifth generation – Today to future
The First Generation

• The first computers used vacuum tubes

for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory, and were often enormous, Examples: – ENIAC – EDSAC – UNIVAC I,
taking up entire rooms. They were UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101
very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of
electricity, generated a lot of heat,
which was often the cause of
malfunctions.
• First generation computers relied on
machine language, the lowest-level
programming language understood by
computers, to perform operations, and
they could only solve one problem at a
time.
The Second Generation

• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered

in the second generation of computers. One
transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-
vacuum tubes 2000, NCR 300 series, IBM 7030 Stretch, IBM 7070,
7080, 7090 series
• Allowing computers to become smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable.
• Second- generation computers still relied on
punched cards for input and printouts for
output.
• These were also the first computers that stored
their instructions in their memory, which
moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core
technology.
The Third Generation

• The development of the integrated circuit

was the hallmark of the third generation
of computers.
• Transistors were miniaturized and placed
on silicon chips, called semiconductors,
which drastically increased the speed and
efficiency of computers.
• It could carry out instructions in billionths
of a second. Much smaller and cheaper
compare to the second-generation
computers.
The Fourth Generation

• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of

computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were
built onto a single silicon chip.
• As these small computers became more powerful,
they could be linked together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the Internet.
• Fourth generation computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld
devices.
The Fifth Generation

• Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).

• Still in development.
• The use of parallel processing and superconductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
• The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.
• There are some applications, such as voice recognition,
that are being used today.