COMPUTER SYSTEMS,

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

P R E S EN T A T IO N

Presented by:

Rogen Darell aban

Kurt Chester Peña
 CONTENT:
Part 1: Overview of Computer Systems and
Their Types
Part 2: Types of Computer Software
Part 3: Types of Computer Hardware
PART 1:
COMPUTER Microcomputer

SYSTEMS AND Systems

THEIR TYPES
Computer systems refer to the complete set of hardware,
software, and peripheral devices that work together to Mainframe Systems

perform computational tasks. They include various types

such as microcomputers, mainframes, and
supercomputers, each designed to meet different
processing needs. Microcomputers, like desktops and
Midrange Systems
laptops, are used for personal and office tasks, while
mainframes and supercomputers handle large-scale
processing for enterprises and scientific research.
 MICROCOMPUTER
SYSTEMS
Commonly known as personal computers (PCs), are designed for individual use and include desktops, laptops,
and tablets. These systems are versatile, cost-effective, and widely used for tasks like word processing, internet
browsing, and gaming. Microcomputers are typically powered by microprocessors and are suitable for both
home and office environments.

1. PERSONAL 2. WORKSTATION 3. NETWORK 4. INFORMATION

COMPUTERS SERVER APPLIANCES
A high-performance
microcomputer tailored for Devices designed for specific
Small, affordable computers demanding tasks such as A computer system that
designed for individual use, manages network resources, tasks, such as smartphones,
graphic design, engineering, tablets, and e-readers, focusing
performing everyday tasks like and scientific simulations. It providing services and data to
word processing, internet other computers (clients) on a on ease of use and connectivity
offers more processing power rather than general computing
browsing, and gaming. and memory than a standard network. It is optimized for
handling numerous power.
PC.
simultaneous connections and
TYPES OF
PERSONAL
COMPUTERS
Personal computers (PCs) are
small, affordable computers
designed for individual use,
performing everyday tasks like
A. DESKTOP B. LAPTOP
word processing, internet
browsing, and gaming. A desktop computer is a stationary machine A laptop is a portable computer that
designed to be used at a fixed location, integrates all the essential components,
typically on a desk or workstation. Desktops including the screen, keyboard, and battery,
are known for their robust performance, into a single unit. Laptops are designed for
They are categorized into several
high storage capacity, and the ability to be mobile use, offering a balance of
types based on their form factor, easily upgraded or customized with new functionality and portability. They are ideal
components, such as additional RAM, for users who need to work on the go,
portability, and intended use: graphics cards, or storage drives.r. providing the same capabilities as a
desktop in a compact, portable form.
TYPES OF
NETWORK
SERVER
Network servers are computer
system that manages network
resources, providing services and
data to other computers (clients)
on a network. It is optimized for
A. DUMB TERMINALS B. INTELLIGENT
handling numerous simultaneous
TERMINALS
connections and requests. Dumb terminals are simple devices
consisting of a keyboard and monitor
Unlike dumb terminals, intelligent
that rely entirely on a central computer
terminals have built-in processing
They are categorized into several or server for processing power. They
capabilities, allowing them to perform
are used to input data and display
types based on their specific some tasks independently of a central
output, with all processing tasks
server. These terminals can run basic
functions and the types of handled remotely by the central
applications, manage local data
services they provide to clients system. Dumb terminals were widely
processing, and reduce the load on
used in earlier computing
within the network: central systems. They are often used in
environments, such as in mainframe
environments where some degree of
systems.
local processing is necessary.
 B. MORE ABOUT INTELLIGENT
TERMINALS

Window terminals are Internet terminals are

terminals running the devices primarily
Windows operating designed to provide
system, typically used users with internet
in corporate access. These
environments to terminals have limited
access networked functionality beyond
applications and web browsing and are
resources. They often used in public
B1. WINDOW provide a familiar user B2. INTERNET spaces like libraries,
interface and can be airports, and internet
TERMINALS configured to run
TERMINALS cafes, where users
specific applications need quick and easy
or virtual desktops. access to the web.
 MIDRANGE SYSTEMS
Also known as minicomputers, are more powerful than microcomputers but less powerful than mainframes.
They are often used by small to medium-sized businesses for tasks such as managing databases, running
enterprise applications, and handling large-scale transaction processing.

EXAMPLE: IBM POWER SYSTEMS

IBM Power Systems, such as the IBM Power9 series, are
examples of midrange systems, also known as
minicomputers. These are often used by medium to large
businesses for critical applications, database management,
and ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems.
 MAINFRAME SYSTEMS
Mainframe systems are large, powerful computers primarily used by large organizations for critical applications,
including bulk data processing, enterprise resource planning, and large-scale transaction processing. They are
known for their high reliability, scalability, and ability to handle thousands of users simultaneously.

EXAMPLE: IBM Z15

The IBM z15 is a modern mainframe computer designed to
handle vast amounts of transactions, data processing, and
workload management, typically in large organizations such
as banks and government agencies. Mainframes like the z15
are known for their scalability, reliability, and security, often
running critical applications that require continuous uptime.
PART 2: TYPES
OF COMPUTER
SOFTWARE
Computer software is the collection of programs,
applications, and operating systems that instruct a APPLICATION SYSTEM SOFTWARE
computer on how to perform specific tasks. Software is SOFTWARE
divided into two main categories: application software,
which includes programs like word processors and web
browsers used to perform end-user tasks, and system
software, such as operating systems, which manage and
control the computer's hardware.
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE: GENERAL PURPOSE
APPLICATION
Versatile software applications PROGRAM
designed to perform a wide range of tasks for users. These programs are
commonly used across various industries and include tools like word processors, spreadsheets, and web
browsers that help users complete everyday activities such as document creation, data analysis, and internet
browsing

1. SOFTWARE 2. WEB 3. 4. WORD 5. 6.

SUITES BROWSER ELECTRONIC PROCESSING SPREADSHEE PRESENTATIO
MAIL T N GRAPHICS
A collection of Software that Software for
related software allows users to creating, editing, APPLICATION
Applications that Software designed
programs bundled access and enable users to and formatting S to create visual
together, often navigate the send, receive, and text documents presentations,
sharing a common internet, manage email (e.g., Microsoft Applications used often including
interface and displaying web communications Word, Google for organizing and text, images, and
integration pages and online (e.g., Microsoft Docs). storing data in animations (e.g.,
features (e.g., content (e.g., Outlook, Gmail). tabular form, often Microsoft
Microsoft Office). Google Chrome, with advanced PowerPoint, Google
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE: APPLICATION SPECIFIC
Specialized software designed to performPROGRAMS
particular tasks within a specific domain or industry. These programs
are tailored to meet the unique needs of a specific application or business process, such as accounting software,
customer relationship management systems, or educational platforms.

1. BUSINESS- 2. 3. CUSTOMER 4. 5. 6.
ACCOUNTING TRANSACTIO RELATIONSHI ENTERPRISE EDUCATION ENTERTAINM
N P RESOURCE APPLICATION ENT
Applications used
to manage PROCESSING MANAGEMEN PLANNING S APPLICATION
financial T S
transactions, Software that Comprehensive Software designed
bookkeeping, and handles large Applications that software systems for educational Applications
reporting (e.g., volumes of routine help businesses that integrate all purposes, designed for
QuickBooks, Sage). transactions, such manage aspects of a including learning leisure and
as order interactions with business, (e.g., management entertainment,
processing or current and SAP, Oracle ERP) systems, e- including games,
billing systems learning platforms,
 SYSTEM SOFTWARE: SYSTEM
Essential software MANAGEMENT
tools used to control and manage thePROGRAMS
operations of computer systems. They include
operating systems, network management software, and database management systems, ensuring the smooth
functioning of hardware and software, resource allocation, and system security.

1. OPERATING 2. NETWORK 3. DATABASE

SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS SYSTEMS
The core software that
manages computer hardware, Software that manages Software that enables the
software resources, and network resources, monitors creation, management, and
provides common services for network traffic, and ensures manipulation of databases,
application software (e.g., secure communication allowing users to store,
Windows, macOS, Linux). between devices on a network retrieve, and analyze data
(e.g., Cisco Network efficiently (e.g., Oracle
Database, MySQL).
 SYSTEM SOFTWARE: SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT
Consist of software PROGRAMS
tools and environments used by developers to create, test, and maintain software
applications. These programs include programming language translators, code editors, and debugging tools,
facilitating the development of new software and the enhancement of existing systems.

1. PROGRAMMING 2. PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE EDITORS AND TOOLS
TRANSLATORS Software that provides an
Tools that convert high-level environment for writing and
programming code into machine editing code, often including
code that can be executed by a features like syntax highlighting,
computer's processor (e.g., debugging, and version control
compilers, interpreters, (e.g., Visual Studio Code, Eclipse).
assemblers).
PART 3: TYPES
OF COMPUTER
HARDWARE Central Processing
Unit
Storage

Computer hardware encompasses the physical

components of a computer system, including the central Input Devices

processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices,

input/output devices, and peripherals like monitors,
printers, and scanners. Hardware is responsible for Output Devices Control

executing the instructions provided by software, enabling

the computer to perform tasks such as data processing,
storage, and communication.
 INPUT DEVICES
Hardware components that allow users to interact with and provide data to a computer system. Common input
devices include keyboards, mice, scanners, and touchscreens, which enable users to enter text, commands, or
other forms of data for processing.

1. POINTING 2. GRAPHICAL 3. 4. SPEECH 5. OPTICAL 6.

DEVICES USER KEYBOARDS RECOGNITIO SCANNING OTHERS
INTERFACE N SYSTEM
Tools like mice, Input devices with Technology that This category
trackpads, and A visual interface a set of keys used Software that captures images or encompasses a
styluses that allow that allows users to input text, converts spoken text from physical range of
users to interact to interact with the numbers, and words into text, documents and specialized devices
with graphical computer using commands into a allowing voice converts them into that play crucial
interfaces by graphical elements computer. commands and digital form. roles in specific
moving a pointer like icons and dictation. applications across
on the screen. buttons. various industries.
TYPES OF
OPTICAL
SCANNING
Optical scanning technology
captures images or text from
physical documents and A. DESKTOP OR B. OPTICAL C. OPTICAL
converts them into digital form, FLATBED SCANNERS CHARACTER SCANNING
making it easier to store, share, Desktop or flatbed scanners are
RECOGNITION WANDS
and process information devices designed to scan
Optical Character Recognition Optical scanning wands are
documents, photos, and other
electronically. media using a flat glass surface.
(OCR) is specialized software that compact, handheld devices that
converts scanned text images are used to scan documents,
These scanners are widely used
into editable digital text. OCR barcodes, or other printed
for high-resolution scanning,
Optical scanners are categorized technology recognizes characters material. These wands are
making them ideal for capturing
from scanned documents and convenient for quickly scanning
based on their design and detailed images or text. The
transforms them into a machine- specific sections of a document
document or photo is placed on
functionality, including flatbed readable format. It is widely used or reading barcodes in retail and
the flat surface, and a scanning
for digitizing printed documents, inventory environments. They
element moves beneath the
scanners, sheet-fed scanners, making them searchable and offer portability and ease of use,
glass to capture the entire
editable, and is essential in although they may not provide
and handheld optical scanning image.
converting paper-based archives the same high-quality resolution
wands. into fully digital libraries. as flatbed scanners.
OTHER
DEVICES &
TECHNOLOG
IES
This category includes
specialized devices that perform
A. MAGNETIC
STRIPE
B. SMART
CARDS
C. DIGITAL
CAMERAS
D. MAGNETIC
INK
specific tasks in various A magnetic stripe is a Smart cards are Digital cameras are
CHARACTER
industries, each designed to strip of magnetic advanced cards devices designed to RECOGNITION
material found on the embedded with capture images and
meet unique needs in data back of cards like credit microchips that store videos in digital form, Magnetic Ink Character
cards, debit cards, and and process data. as opposed to film. Recognition (MICR) is a
collection, security, and ID cards. This stripe These chips provide These cameras use specialized technology
automation. stores data enhanced security sensors to convert light used to read characters
magnetically and can features, allowing into electronic signals, printed in magnetic ink,
be read by specialized smart cards to be used which are then particularly on checks
They are categorized into magnetic stripe for secure transactions, processed and stored and other financial
readers. The data access control, and as digital files. Digital documents. The
multiple types, such as magnetic stored on these strips identity verification. cameras have magnetic ink allows for
stripe readers for card typically includes Unlike magnetic stripe revolutionized quick and accurate
information necessary cards, smart cards can photography and reading of important
transactions, smart cards for for processing encrypt sensitive videography, enabling information, such as
secure data storage, digital transactions, such as information and users to instantly view, account numbers and
account details. support multiple edit, and share images. check numbers, during
cameras for capturing visual applications on a single the banking process.
content, and MICR technology for card.

document authentication.
 CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT
The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and processing data. It performs arithmetic
and logical operations, manages data flow, and controls other components, making it the key element in the
execution of programs.

1. CONTROL 2. ARITHMETIC 3. SPECIAL 4. CACHE 5. PRIMARY

UNIT LOGIC UNIT PURPOSE MEMORY STORAGE
PROCESSORS (MEMORY)
Directs the Performs A small, high-speed
operations of the mathematical, Processors designed memory located Temporary storage
processor, logical, and decision for specific tasks, close to the CPU that the CPU uses to
instructing it on how operations within such as graphics that stores store data and
to respond to the the CPU. processing units frequently used instructions that are
instructions from (GPUs) for rendering data and actively being used
the computer’s images. instructions. or processed.
memory.
 OUTPUT DEVICES
Hardware components that convey processed data from the computer to the user. Common examples include
monitors, printers, and speakers, which display visual content, produce printed documents, or generate audio
output, respectively.

1. VIDEO 2. PRINTED 3. VOICE

DISPLAYS OUTPUT RESPONSE SYSTEMS

Video displays output visual Printed output refers to the Voice response systems
information from the physical documents and generate spoken responses,
computer, allowing users to images produced by printers, often used in automated
view and interact with digital essential in environments customer service systems to
content. where hard copies of interact with users through
information are needed. voice commands.
TYPES OF
VIDEO
DISPLAYS
Video displays are output
devices that present visual
information from the computer,
enabling users to interact with
and view digital content. A. CATHODE RAY TUBE B. LIQUID CRYSTAL
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) displays are an
DISPLAYS
They are categorized into older technology that uses electron
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) are modern
beams to project images onto a screen.
different types based on their CRT monitors were once common in
flat-panel display technologies that use
liquid crystals to produce images. LCD
display technology, including televisions and computers but have
screens are widely used in everything
largely been replaced by more energy-
older cathode ray tube (CRT) efficient and compact flat-panel
from desktop monitors to smartphones
and televisions due to their slim form
monitors and modern flat-panel technologies like LCDs and LEDs. Despite
factor, low power consumption, and ability
being largely obsolete, CRTs were known
displays like liquid crystal for their deep color saturation and ability
to deliver sharp, clear images.

displays (LCDs) and light- to display fast-moving images without

motion blur.
emitting diode (LED) screens.
 STORAGE: PRIMARY STORAGE UNIT OR
MEMORY
Primary storage, also known as main memory, is the computer's temporary storage space where data and
instructions are kept while being actively used or processed by the CPU. It provides fast access to data, ensuring
smooth system operations, but is volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the computer is powered off.
Examples include RAM (Random Access Memory) and cache memory.

1. RANDOM ACCESS 2. READ ONLY 3. FLASH DRIVE

MEMORY (RAM) MEMORY A portable storage device that
Volatile memory that
(ROM) uses flash memory to store
data, easily removable and
temporarily stores data that Non-volatile memory that commonly used for
the CPU needs to access stores essential system transferring files between
quickly, crucial for the smooth instructions, such as the computers and devices.
running of applications and computer's firmware, that
tasks. remain intact even when the
computer is powered off.
 STORAGE: SECONDARY STORAGE
Secondary storage refers to long-term, non-volatile storage where data is kept permanently or semi-
permanently, even when the computer is turned off. It is slower than primary storage but offers much larger
capacity, making it ideal for storing files, applications, and the operating system. Common examples include
hard drives, solid-state drives (SSD), and optical discs like CDs and DVDs.

1. MAGNETIC 2. MAGNETIC 3. OPTICAL

DISKS TAPE DISKS

Storage media that use Magnetic tape is an older, Optical disks use lasers to
magnetic storage to store and high-capacity storage medium read and write data, offering
retrieve digital information, still used in some backup and an alternative to magnetic
commonly used in hard archival systems due to its storage.
drives. reliability and capacity for
storing large amounts of data.
TYPES OF
MAGNETIC
DISKS
Magnetic disks are storage
media that utilize magnetic
storage techniques to store and
retrieve digital information. A. FLOPPY DISKS B. HARD DISK C. REDUNDANT
Commonly found in hard drives, Floppy disks are an obsolete form
DRIVES ARRAYS OF
they are used for large-scale of magnetic storage that were
Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) are
INDEPENDENT DISKS
once used for transferring small
data storage, providing a amounts of data between
high-capacity storage devices (RAID)
that use a series of spinning
balance between capacity, computers. These disks were
magnetic platters to store data. RAID is a storage technology that
removable, portable, and
speed, and cost. HDDs offer vast storage space at combines multiple hard drives to
typically held between 1.44 MB
relatively low cost, making them improve data reliability, speed,
to 2.88 MB of data. While floppy
ideal for storing large amounts of or both. By spreading data across
disks played a key role in early
They are categorized into data over the long term. Though multiple disks, RAID can provide
computing, they have been
slower than newer solid-state fault tolerance, ensuring that
replaced by more reliable and
different types based on their higher-capacity storage solutions
drives (SSDs), HDDs remain data is protected even if one disk
popular for bulk storage and fails. RAID configurations can be
storage capacity, durability, and like USB flash drives and cloud
archival purposes, particularly in optimized for different purposes,
storage.
intended use, including desktops and servers. including enhanced performance
traditional hard disk drives or increased data redundancy,
making them ideal for use in
(HDDs) and portable magnetic servers and data centers.
TYPES OF
OPTICAL
DISKS
Optical disks use laser
technology to read and write
CD-ROM CD-RW CD-RW/DVD DVD-ROM DVD+RW/
+R with CD-
A CD-ROM A CD-RW (Compact A CD-RW/DVD drive A DVD-ROM (Digital
data, offering a reliable (Compact Disc Disc Rewritable) is a allows users to read Versatile Disc Read- RW
alternative to magnetic storage Read-Only Memory) type of optical disc and write data on Only Memory) is an
is an optical disc that allows users to both CD-RW optical disc with DVD+RW/+R with
for long-term data preservation that allows data to write and erase (Compact Disc higher storage CD-RW is a versatile
be permanently data multiple times. Rewritable) and capacity than a CD-
and media distribution. These stored but not This makes CD-RWs DVD discs. It ROM, allowing for
format that
combines the
disks store data in the form of modified or erased. more versatile than supports multiple larger files like functionality of both
CD-ROMs were CD-ROMs, as they rewrites on CDs and movies or software DVD and CD-RW,
tiny pits and lands, read by a widely used for can be reused for can read or play to be distributed. allowing for video
laser beam in optical drives. distributing data storage, file DVDs, offering DVD-ROMs are not playback as well as
software and transfer, and media versatile data rewritable, meaning the reading and
multimedia content, playback. However, storage and media data is stored writing of data.
as well as for music CD-RWs have a playback permanently once
They are categorized into several albums. Although limited lifespan capabilities. the disc is created.
These discs can be
used for a wide
types based on their newer storage compared to more range of purposes,
technologies have modern storage from storing video
functionality and storage reduced their media, like USB content to backing
capacity, including CD-ROMs, prevalence, CD- drives or external up large amounts of
ROMs still serve as hard drives. data.
DVD-ROMs, and rewritable a reliable means for
long-term data
formats like CD-RWs and storage.
DVD+RWs.
 CONTROL
The control unit is the component of the CPU responsible for directing the operations of the processor. It ensures
that instructions are processed efficiently and coordinates the interaction between the CPU and other
components, guiding the flow of data and ensuring smooth execution of commands.

EXAMPLE: INTEL CORE I9-13900K

The control unit within this CPU fetches and decodes
instructions from memory and coordinates the execution of
operations by the ALU and other components.
CLOSING REMARKS

In conclusion, this presentation explored the critical components of

modern computing systems, including:

• Different Types of Computer Systems

• Various Software and their Applications
• Key Hardware Components and Their Functions

As technology continues to evolve, it is essential to stay informed about

emerging trends and innovations. The future holds exciting
advancements in computing power, efficiency, and security, shaping
how we interact with technology in our daily lives.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!