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MMW Stat Lesson 6

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18 views13 pages

MMW Stat Lesson 6

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cnstntnzyra
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MMW-BASIC STATISTICS

Lesson 6: Measures Of Dispersion, Symmetry and Kurtosis

DR. CELIA L. VERANO


What is measures of variability?

• The measure of dispersion indicates the scattering of data. It explains the


disparity of data from one another delivering a precise view of the
distribution of data. The measure of dispersion displays and gives us an
idea about the variation and central value of an individual item.
•In other words, Dispersion is the extent to which values in a distribution
differ from the average of the distribution. It gives us an idea about the
extent to which individual items vary from one another and from the
central value.
• Even after calculating the mean, it is necessary to have some
index of variability among the data. Range or the lowest and
the highest values can be given, but this is not very useful if one
of these extreme values is far off from the rest. At the same
time, it does not tell how the observations are scattered around
the mean. Therefore, following indices of variability play a key
role in statistics
Measures of Variation or Spread
Measures of Spread
Spread (variability) describes the way data are scattered
around a specific value (such as the mean). The most used
measures of spread are:
Variance = ∑(xi-x̄ ) 2/n or ∑(xi-x̄ ) 2/n-1,
Range is the difference between the largest observation
and the smallest. R=HV-LV
Standard Deviation measures the spread of data
around the mean. One standard deviation includes 68%
of the values in a sample population and two standard
deviations includes 95% of the values and the three
standard deviation includes 99% of the values.
sd= √variance.
Coefficient of Variation. The coefficient of variation,
also known as relative dispersion, denoted by v, allows
the variability of scores in two sets of sets of data that do
not necessarily measures the same thing.
v = sd/mean *100%
To calculate the sd, we need its square called variance. Variance is the
average square deviation around the mean.

sd helps us to predict how far the given sample mean (M) and are
scattered evenly around it, the SD helps to calculate a range that will
include a given percentage of observation. For example, if N ≥ 30, the
range M ± 1(SD) will include 68% of observation, the range M ± 2(SD)
will include 95% of observation and the range M ± 3(SD) will include 99%
of observation. If observations are widely dispersed, central values are
less representative of data, hence variance is taken. While reporting
mean and SD, better way of representation is ‘mean (SD)’ rather than
‘mean ± SD’ to minimize confusion with confidence interval.
Example: ungrouped data
Scores of 15 students in Statistics

Solution:
Range = HV – LV= 42 – 18 = 24
Variance = ( ∑ (xi-x̄ )2 )/( n-1)
V = 802/14
V = 57.29
Standard Deviation
sd = √ 57.29
sd = 7.56
Example: grouped data

Variance =( ∑ fi(xi-mean)2 )/( n-1)


= 1950/49 = 39.80
Standard Deviation = √variance
sd= √39.80= 6.31 or 6
Skewness
Another statistical measure like the central tendency is the skewness
(Symmetry). Skewness is the degree of symmetry or normal distribution except
that it not symmetrical. If the mean, median and mode are equal, then there is no
skewness.
If the whisker to the right of the box is longer than the one to the left in
relation to the median, there are more extreme values towards the positive end
and so the distribution is positively skewed or if mean is higher than the media
and mode
Similarly, if the whisker to the left is longer, the distribution is negatively
skewed or if mean is lower than the median and mode
The formula is :
SK= 3( mean- median)/ SD
Sk > 0; positively skewed; mean>median
Sk < 0; negatively skewed; mean< median
Sk = 0; normally distributed; mean=median

Example:
Mean= 41.83, Median=43.23, SD=14.32
Sk = 3(mean-median)/sd
= 3(41.83-43.23)/14.32
= -0.29, This indicates that the curve is skewed to
the left,i.e.
the age distribution is negatively skewed
Kurtosis or Peakedness of the Curve
K = ∑(Xi-Mean)4/ns4
K = ∑Fi(Xi-Mean)4/ns4
K = 3; mesokurtic
k > 3; leptokurtic
K < 3; platykurtic

Example:
K = ∑(Xi-Mean)4/ns4
K = 78,598/15(7.57)4
K= 1.59; Therefore, it is platykurtic
Sk= 3(mean-median)/sd = 3(28-26)/7.57
Sk = 0.7926 or 0.79; positively skewed
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

A. A physician tested a certain bacterium in an experiment with a mean of 42, a median of 39 and a
standard deviation of 3.5. What is the coefficient of skewness?

B. Interpret the skewness of the distribution for each of the following set of data and find the
limitation of the mode.
a. Mean= 65, Mode=70
b. Mean=102, Mode= 95

C. A physician tested a certain bacterium in an experiment with a mean of 42, a median of 39 and a
standard deviation of 3.5. What is the coefficient of skewness?

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