CHAPTER 2

CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS AND

TRIG
Maths SL
Lesson Objectives

• Exact values-Trigonmetric ratios

• Trig graphs
• Presumed knowledge right angle triangles
• Applications of above
• Bearings
Presumed knowledge:
Right Angle Triangle
• Pythagoras’ Theorem
Presumed knowledge: Right Angle Triangle

• Trigonmetric Ratios

NB:
Notation is very important notice upper (angle)and lower case letter (length opposite
The concerned angle.)
 Presumed knowledge: Right Angle Triangle
3 trigonometric ratios
The three trigonometric ratios, sine, cosine and tangent, can be defined using the ratios of
the sides of a right-angled triangle as follows:

Opposite
Sin θ =
Hypotenuse SOH
H
O Y
P P
P O Adjacent
O
T
E
N
Cos θ =
Hypotenuse CAH
S
I U
S
T E
Opposite
TOA
E Tan θ =
θ
Adjacent
ADJACENT

Remember: SOH CAH TOA

Starter: If you need a further reminder look at the
next slide for a worked example

Standard Challenging:

Find all known angles

and sides in the above
diagram. Round to 3.s.f
where appropriate.
Calculate angle B 2 different
ways.
Your GDC gives you rounded values.

• Sin(45)
= 0.707 (3s.f)

There are certain trigonmetric ratios where

there are exact values. You need to know the
following degrees:
0,30,45,60,90,180,270,360
To do this you need to know 3 graphs and
2 Triangles:

Plot y=sinx on your GDC and draw it.

Why is this a bad instruction?

Very important that we include

domain as this continues forever!
Plot y=cosx
and sketch it.
 You can transform sinx to obtain cosx.

So formally: What are the values of:

A= A= 1 as there is no vertical stretch
f(x)=sinx
B= B= +90 as graph translated 90 degrees
g(x)=cosx
C= to the LEFT. Remember TWIST
C= 0, as the graph has not been
g(x)=Af(x+B)+C Translated vertically
Plot y=tanx
and sketch it.
2 Triangles
What are the angles in each triangle?

1 2
2

1
2

The length of each side is smallest possible integer.

For the second triangle you’ll see why we can’t use 1 shortly.
 Sin, cos and tan of 45°
A right-angled isosceles triangle has two acute angels of 45°.

Suppose the equal sides are of unit length.

45°

2 1 Using Pythagoras’ theorem:

The hypotenuse  12  12
45°
 2
1
We can use this triangle to write exact values for sin, cos and tan 45°:

1 1
sin 45° = cos 45° = tan 45° = 1
2 2
 Sin, cos and tan of 30°
Suppose we have an equilateral triangle of side length 2.

If we cut the triangle in half then we have a right-angled

triangle with acute angles of 30° and 60°.
60°
30°
2 2
3 Using Pythagoras’ theorem:

60° 60° The height of the triangle  22  12

1 2
 3
We can use this triangle to write exact values for sin, cos and tan 30°:

1 3 1
sin 30° = cos 30° = tan 30° =
2 2 3
 Sin,Suppose
cosweand tan of 60°
have an equilateral triangle of side length 2.

If we cut the triangle in half then we have a right-angled

triangle with acute angles of 30° and 60°.
60°
30°
2 2
3 Using Pythagoras’ theorem:

60° 60° The height of the triangle  22  12

1 2
 3
We can also use this triangle to write exact values for sin, cos and tan 60°:

3 1
sin 60° = cos 60° = tan 60° = 3
2 2
 Sin, cos and tan of 30°, 45° and 60°
The exact values of the sine, cosine and tangent of 30°, 45° and 60° can be summarized as
follows:

30° 45° 60°

1 1 3
sin
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos
2 2 2
1
tan 1 3
3
Use these 3 graphs
To complete exact values table
on the next slide.
Exact Values

Complete the table in the

Following order:
a) Sin
b) Cos
c) Tan
The area of a triangle
The area of a triangle is given by ½ × base × height.

Suppose that instead of the height of a triangle, we are given the base, one of the sides and
the included angle. For example:

What is the area of triangle ABC?

A We can find the height h using the sine ratio.

4 cm
h h
= sin 47°
47° 4
B C
7 cm h = 4 sin 47°

Area of triangle ABC = ½ × base × height

= ½ × 7 × 4 sin 47°

= 10.2 cm2 (to 1 d.p.)

 General Case: The area of a triangle
The area of a triangle is given by ½ × base × height.
Suppose that instead of the height of a triangle, we are given the base, one of the sides and
the included angle. For example:

What is the area of triangle ABC?

A We can find the height h using the sine ratio.

b cm
h h
= sin C°
b
B C
a cm h = b sin C°

Area of triangle ABC = ½ × base × height

= ½ × a × b sin C°

=0.5ab sin C
 The area of a triangle using ½ ab sin C
In general, the area of a triangle is equal to half the product of two of the sides and the
sine of the included angle.

c
b

B C
a

Area of triangle ABC =0.5ab sin C

Perimeter = AB+BC+AC
=AB +BD+DC+AC
=13+BD+DC+AC
A

13 12

B D

So
Perimeter =13+5+DC+AC
 So far……Perimeter =13+5+DC+AC
A

12

D C

Hence……Perimeter =13+5+ +AC

 So far……Perimeter =13+5+ +AC

12

D C

Hence……
Perimeter =13+5+ +24
 Draw a diagram of the situation….
STRATERGY:
How are you going to
Calculate ?

A) Calculate XB.-using triangle 1

B) Calculate YB as
YB=XB-15
C) Calculate - using triangle 2

T T
Triangle 1 Triangle 2
50m 50m

X B Y B
 T T

50m 50m

X B Y B
YB=86.6-15
=71.6 m
Note there is a parallel line property.
As horizontal lines are parallel noted
by double blue arrow
Alternate angle: See the ‘Z’ shape
Bearings Brainstorm
• Is bearing A from B
same as bearing B from A?
• What compass direction always measure
from?
• What parallel line property is very useful?
• How many digits must a bearing have?
Saturday 2 November 2 Trigonometry with
024 Bearings
A ship sails from port A for 42 km on a bearing of 130° to point B.

It then changes course and sails for 24 km on a bearing of 040° to point C, where
it breaks down and anchors.

What distance and on what bearing will a helicopter have to fly from port A to go
directly to the North
ship at C?

Port 130°
Point
A C
42km North
040° 24km

Point
B
Saturday 2 November 2 Trigonometry with
024 Bearings
A ship sails from port A for 42 km on a bearing of 130° to point B.

It then changes course and sails for 24 km on a bearing of 040° to point C, where
it breaks down and anchors.

What distance and on what bearing will a helicopter have to fly from port A to go
directly to the North
ship at C?
Parallel
Lines!

Port 130
Point
A °
C
42k North
m 24k
040
° m
Using co-interior angles, this angle Point
is 50 ° B
Saturday 2 November 2 Trigonometry with
024 Bearings
A ship sails from port A for 42 km on a bearing of 130° to point B.

It then changes course and sails for 24 km on a bearing of 040° to point C, where it
breaks down and anchors.

What distance and on what bearing will a helicopter have to fly from port A to go
directly to the ship at C?
48.37k
Port Point
A m
C

′
𝑷𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒔 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 42k
24k
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 90° m
𝟒𝟐 +𝟐𝟒 =𝒄 m
Point
¿ 𝟒𝟖 . 𝟑𝟕 B
Saturday 2 November 2 Trigonometry with
024 Bearings
A ship sails from port A for 42 km on a bearing of 130° to point B.

It then changes course and sails for 24 km on a bearing of 040° to point C, where it
breaks down and anchors.

What distance and on what bearing will a helicopter have to fly from port A to go
directly to the ship at C?
48.37k
Port Point
A m
C

Can we find this

angle? 24k
42k
90° m
m
Point
B
Saturday 2 November 2 Trigonometry with
024 Bearings
A ship sails from port A for 42 km on a bearing of 130° to point B.

It then changes course and sails for 24 km on a bearing of 040° to point C, where it
breaks down and anchors.

What distance and on what bearing will a helicopter have to fly from port A to go
directly to the ship at C?
𝒂𝒅𝒋
𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( 𝒙 ) =
𝒉𝒚𝒑

𝒙=𝟐𝟗.𝟕𝟒°(𝟐 𝒅𝒑)
Saturday 2 November 2 Trigonometry with
024 Bearings
A ship sails from port A for 42 km on a bearing of 130° to point B.

It then changes course and sails for 24 km on a bearing of 040° to point C, where it
breaks down and anchors.

What distance and on what bearing will a helicopter have to fly from port A to go
North
directly to the ship at C?
𝟏𝟑𝟎−𝟐𝟗.𝟕𝟒=𝟏𝟎𝟎.𝟐𝟔°
Port Point
A C
42k North

𝟐𝟗.𝟕𝟒° m
040 24k
° m
Point
B
Who decided to divide a circle into 360
parts?
The same people who invented the wheel about 6,000 years ago: the
Mesopotamians, who loved the number 60. It's a useful and easily divisible
number, which made it ideal for both early mathematics and commercial trade.
The Mesopotamians passed their base-60 numerical system to the ancient
Egyptians, who used it to divide a circle into 360 degrees
The 360-degree circle worked out great: The Egyptians loved perfect triangles, and
exactly six of them fit into a circle. Therefore, six triangular slices of 60 degrees each
made for a sensible 360-degree dissection of a circle. The Egyptians, who invented
the degree symbol, also came up with the first calendar based on a 360-day year,
which is only off by 5.25 days.

Since then, the 360-degree circle has more than stood the test of time, it has made
its mark on time itself: When time was first recorded on the face of a circle, it was an
easy leap to divide hours into 60 minutes and minutes into 60 seconds.
360 is quite arbitrary…..is there another
system to measure angles?
Radian Measure
Consider an arc of length 1 unit of a circle of radius 1 unit.
The angle θ subtended at the centre of the circle by the arc of length 1 unit is called 1
radian, written as 1 rad.

As r=1
1

1
 1 radian
O 
1 full revolution = circumference
1 =

So:
360 degrees =
Convert between rads and degrees & vice
verca use ratios
Rads : Degrees

: 360

Divide by 6
? : 60
Convert 45 degrees into rads.

Rads : Degrees

: 360 Convert 270 degrees into rads.

Divide by 2 Rads : Degrees

: 180
: 180

Divide by 4
Divide by 6
? : 45
: 30

Multiply by 9
? : 270
Convert radians into degress
Into degrees
Into degrees

Rads : Degrees

: 180 Notice how Is 5 times bigger than

Divide by 6
: ?

Rads : Degrees

: 30

Multiply by 5
: ?
Convert radians into degress
Into degrees

Rads : Degrees

: 180

Divide by 3
: 60

Multiply by 4
: ?

240
So far answers have been integers/exact……..but don’t have to be.

Use unitary ratio method

Convert 72 degrees into radians.

Rads : Degrees

: 360

Divide by 360
: 1

Multiply by 72
? : 72
Convert 5 rads into degrees.

Rads : Degrees

: 360

Divide by
1 :

Multiply by 5
5 : ?
Access Ex 2B Q1-3
Lesson Objectives

• Re-cap last lesson

• calculate the arc length and area of a sector of a
circle- degrees/radians
• calculate the area of a segment-degrees/radians
• Sine rule radians
• Sin x = Sin B
• Sine rule ambiguous case
 Starter: Match up equivalent values

Sin 48 Sin 145

Sin 12 Sin 168

Sin 13.6 Sin 132

Sin 77
Sin 103
Sin 166.4
Sin 35

Can you generalise this pattern?

Sin X = Sin B Express B in terms of X

Can you justify the general rule usgin the y=sinx graph?
Find the area of the shaded region. Write
your answer exactly (in terms of pi)

6m
Can you generalise now and write an equation
for the shaded area. The area of sector.


r A 
 r 2

360
O 

r
Find the length of the curved perimeter.
Write your answer exactly (in terms of pi)

6m
Can you generalise now and write an
equation for distance ‘l’. The arc length.


l 
2 r
360
r

l
O 

r
So far our expressions have been for
degrees what about formulae for radians?
Arc length (l)

In degrees l 
2 r
360

r In radians l 2 r
2

l l r 
O 
Area of sector (A)
r 
In degrees A  r 2
360

In radians A  r 2
2
r 2
A
2
Remember
The sector of a circle 3cm subtends an angle of
5 radians at the centre.
18
Find
a. the length of the arc of the sector
b. the area of the sector of the circle.

3 cm

5 l
O 18
 The shaded area is a segment of a
circle of radius r. Show that the area
of the segment is given by

r 2   3 
P
12
a= r

O

Area of triangle
6 OPQ
=0.5absinC
b= r
Area of sector
Q

1 1
Area of Segment  r 2  r 2 sin
2 2
1
 r 2   sin 
2
θ in radians
 1 1
Area of Segment  r 2  r 2 sin
2 2
1
 r 2   sin 
2

Q.E.D
Access Ex 2B Q2-14
Finding chord length and sector area
A chord AB subtends an angle of 23 radians at the
centre O of a circle of radius 9 cm. Find in terms of π:
a) the length of the arc AB
b) the area of the sector AOB

a) length of arc AB = θr
A
2
2
= ×9
3 3
B
O = 6π cm
9 cm
b) area of sector AOB = r2θ 1
2

1 2 2
= ×9 ×
2 3
= 27π cm2
Finding the area of a segment
The formula for the area of a sector can be combined with the formula for the area of a
triangle to find the area of a segment. For example:

A chord AB divides a circle of radius 5 cm into two segments. If AB subtends an angle of

45° at the centre of the circle, find the area of the minor segment to 3 significant figures.

o 
A 45 = radians
4
Let’s call the area of sector AOB AS and the area of
45° B triangle AOB AT.
O 5 cm
AS = 1
2 r 2
= 21 × 52 × 4
 Finding the area of a segment Now:

AT = 1
2 r 2 sin Area of the minor segment = AS – AT
= 21 × 52 × sin 4

In general, the area of a segment of a circle of radius r is:

A = 21 r 2 (  sin )

where θ is measured in radians.

Access 2B Q4-14
The sine rule
For any triangle ABC:

b
a

A B
c

a b c sin A sin B sin C

= = or = =
sin A sin B sin C a b c

Use the formula which has the unknown in the numerator.

 Using the sine rule to find side lengths
If we are given two angles in a triangle and the length of a side opposite one of the angles,
we can use the sine rule to find the length of the side opposite the other angle. For
example:

Find the length of side a

B Using the sine rule:

a 39° a 7
=
sin 118° sin 39°
118°
7 sin 118°
C 7 cm A a =
sin 39°

a = 9.82 cm (to 2 d.p.)

 Using the sine rule to find angles
If we are given two side lengths in a triangle and the angle opposite one of the given sides,
we can use the sine rule to find the angle opposite the other given side. For example:

Find the angle at B

C Using the sine rule:

sin B sin 46°
=
8 6
8 cm
6 cm 8 sin 46°
sin B =
6
46° 8 sin 46°
A B B= sin –1
6
B = 73.56° (to 2 d.p.)
Sine rule with radians

Draw diagram first:

Suppose we are given triangle ABC such that AC = 7 cm, BC = 12 cm and B = 30o.
Constructing this triangle with ruler and compasses gives the diagram below.

A2

A1
7 cm
7 cm

30
B C
12 cm
Sketch the 2 possible triangles that can
Be drawn from this info
Access Ex 2C
The cosine rule
For any triangle ABC:

A a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A

c or
b

b2 + c 2 – a2
B C cos A =
a 2bc
 Using the cosine rule to find side lengths
If we are given the length of two sides in a triangle and the size of the angle between them,
we can use the cosine rule to find the length of the other side. For example:

Find the length of side a

B
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A

a 4 cm
a2 = 72 + 42 – (2 × 7 × 4 × cos 48°)
48°
C A
a2 = 27.53 (to 2 d.p.)
7 cm

a = 5.25 cm (to 2 d.p.)

 Using the cosine rule to find angles
If we are given the lengths of all three sides in a triangle, we can use the cosine rule to find
the size of any one of the angles in the triangle. For example:

Find the size of the angle at A

B b2 + c 2 – a2
cos A =
2bc

8 cm 42 + 6 2 – 8 2
cos A =
6 cm 2×4×6

cos A = –0.25 This is negative so A

must be obtuse, see
C A A = cos–1 –0.25 Next slide.
4 cm
A = 104.48° (to 2 d.p.)
Sketch situation first:
Access Ex2D
Examination-style question
In the triangle ABC, AB = 7 cm, BC = 6 cm and BAC = 50°.
a) Calculate the two possible sizes of ACB in degrees to
two decimal places.
b) Given that ACB is obtuse, calculate the area of triangle
ABC to two decimal places.

a) Using the sine rule:

sin C sin 50°
=
7 6
7 sin 50°
sin B =
6
7 sin 50°
B= sin –1
6
B = 63.34° or 116.66° (to 2 d.p.)
 Examination-style question
1 B
b) Area of triangle ABC = ac sin
2

where a = 6 cm, c = 7 cm and B = (180 – 50 – 116.66)° = 13.34°

Area of triangle ABC = 1× 6 × 7 × sin 13.34°

2

= 4.85 cm2 (to 2 d.p.)

 Examination-style question
In the following diagram AC is an arc of a circle with centre O
and radius 10 cm and BD is an arc of a circle with centre O
and radius 6 cm.
AOD = θ radians.
A
a) Find an expression for the
B
area of the shaded region in
6 cm
terms of θ.
θ O b) Given that the shaded region
is 25.6 cm2 find the value of θ.
10 cm
D
c) Calculate the perimeter of the
shaded region.
C
 Examination-style question
12×θ
a) Area of sector AOC = × 10 = 50θ
2

Area of sector BOD = × 261 2 × θ = 18θ

Area of shaded region = 50θ – 18θ = 32θ

b) 32θ = 25.6

θ = 25.6 ÷ 32

θ = 0.8 radians

c) Perimeter of the shaded region

= length of arc AC + length of arc CD + AB + CD

= (10 × 0.8) + (6 × 0.8) + 8

= 20.8 cm
The sine rule
Consider any triangle ABC:

If we drop a perpendicular h from C to

C AB, we can divide the triangle into two
right-angled triangles; ACD and BDC.

b a
h

a is the side opposite A and b is the side

A B opposite B.
D

h h
sin A = sin B =
b a
h = b sin A h = a sin B

So: b sin A = a sin B

 The sine rule
b sin A = a sin B

Dividing both sides of the equation by sin A and then by sin B

gives:

b a
=
sin B sin A

If we had dropped a perpendicular from A to BC we would have found that:

b sin C = c sin B

Rearranging:

b c
=
sin B sin C
The cosine rule
Consider any triangle ABC:

If we drop a perpendicular h from C to

C AB, we can divide the triangle into two
right-angled triangles; ACD and BDC.

b a
h

A B a is the side opposite A and b is the side

x D c–x opposite B.

c is the side opposite C. If AD = x, then the length BD can be written as c – x.

 The cosine
C
rule Using Pythagoras’ theorem in triangle
ACD:

b2 = x 2 + h2 1
b a
h Also:
x
cos A =
A B b
x D c–x
x = b cos A 2
In triangle BCD:
a2 = (c – x)2 + h2
a2 = c2 – 2cx + x2 + h2

Substituting1 and gives:

2 This is the cosine
a2 = c2 – 2cb cos A + b2 rule.

a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
Draw diagram first…

Now label up all angles you

Possibly can..

Solution class discussion.

Find length SU
Find bearing of U from S
Access Ex2E