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Chapter 1 Signal and Systems

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32 views16 pages

Chapter 1 Signal and Systems

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222503016
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Signal and Systems

Chapter 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Signals and Systems

• Signal: A function representing physical quantities or information.


• Examples: Electrical signals, sound signals, etc.

• System: A process that transforms an input signal into an output signal.

• Types of Signals:
• Continuous-time vs Discrete-time (An example of a continuous-time signal is a sinusoidal waveform, a real-world example of a continuous-time
signal is human voice or sound waves in the air.) (discrete-time: Digital Audio, Image Data. Financial Data: Stock prices are often recorded at discrete time intervals (e.g., daily closing prices))
• Periodic vs Aperiodic (Periodic signal example: AC voltage (repeats every cycle) or TV broadcast signals)-(Human speech or a single clap (irregular, no
repetitive pattern).)
• Even vs Odd (An even signal is symmetric with respect to the vertical axis, meaning it looks the same when time is reversed.). (An odd signal is anti-symmetric)

• Basic Signal Operations:


• Time Shifting, Time Scaling, Time Reversing
Analog and Digital Signals:

• If a continuous-time signal x(t) can take on any value in the continuous


interval (a, b), where a may be -∞ and b may be + ∞, then the
continuous-time signal x(t) is called an analog signal. If a discrete-time
signal x[n] can take on only a finite number of distinct values, then we call
this signal a digital signal (Ethernet (Network Data Transmission)).
Real and Complex Signals:
• A signal x(t) is a real signal if its value is a real number, and a signal
x(t) is a complex signal if its value is a complex number. A general
complex signal x(t) is a function of the form
Deterministic and Random
Signals:
• Deterministic signals are those signals whose values are completely
specified for any given time. Thus, a deterministic signal can be
modeled by a known function of time t. Random signals are those
signals that take random values at any given time and must be
characterized statistically.
Periodic and Nonperiodic
Signals:

Other examples of periodic signals:


Nonperiodic (Aperiodic) Signals:
• A nonperiodic signal, on the other hand, does not repeat itself at
regular intervals. These signals can extend indefinitely without
following a repetitive pattern.

Examples of nonperiodic signals:


• Impulse signal (Dirac delta function): A signal that occurs at a single instant.
• Speech signals: Often aperiodic due to the non-repetitive nature of human
speech patterns.
• Noise signals: Random and do not follow a regular repetition.
Mathematical Formulas:
• Signal 𝑥(𝑡) for continuous-time

• Signal 𝑥[𝑛] for discrete-time

• Time shift: 𝑦(𝑡)=𝑥(𝑡−𝑡0)

• Time reversal: 𝑦(𝑡)=𝑥(−𝑡)


import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

t = np.linspace(-10, 10, 400)


x_t = np.sin(t)

plt.plot(t, x_t)
plt.title("Continuous-time Signal")
plt.xlabel("t")
plt.ylabel("x(t)")
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
time-reversed signal is defined as y(t)=x(−t)
# Define the time range
t1 = np.linspace(-10, 10, 400)

# Original signal: sine wave


x_t1 = np.sin(t1)

# Time-reversed signal
x_t_reversed = np.sin(-t1)

# Create the plot


plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
plt.plot(t1, x_t1, label='Original Signal: $x(t) = \sin(t)$', color='blue')
plt.plot(t1, x_t_reversed, label='Time-Reversed Signal: $y(t) = \sin(-t)$', color='red', linestyle='--')
plt.title("Time Reversal of a Continuous-time Signal")
plt.xlabel("t")
plt.ylabel("Amplitude")
plt.axhline(0, color='black', linewidth=0.5, linestyle='--')
plt.axvline(0, color='black', linewidth=0.5, linestyle='--')
plt.grid(True)
plt.legend()
plt.show()
Time Shifting a Sine Wave:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Define the time range


t1 = np.linspace(-10, 10, 400)

# Original signal: sine wave


x_t1 = np.sin(t1)

# Right-shifted signal (shift by t0 = 2)


t0 = 2
x_t_shifted = np.sin(t1 - t0)

# Create the plot


plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
plt.plot(t1, x_t1, label='Original Signal: $x(t) = \sin(t)$', color='blue')
plt.plot(t1, x_t_shifted, label='Right Shifted Signal: $y(t) = \sin(t - 2)$', color='red', linestyle='--')
plt.title("Time Shifting of a Continuous-time Signal")
plt.xlabel("t")
plt.ylabel("Amplitude")
plt.axhline(0, color='black', linewidth=0.5, linestyle='--')
plt.axvline(0, color='black', linewidth=0.5, linestyle='--')
plt.grid(True)
plt.legend()
plt.show()
Time Scaling:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Define the time range


t1 = np.linspace(-10, 10, 400)

# Original signal: sine wave


x_t1 = np.sin(t1)

# Compressed signal (factor of 2)


compressed_signal = np.sin(2 * t1)

# Expanded signal (factor of 0.5)


expanded_signal = np.sin(0.5 * t1)
# Create the plot
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))
plt.plot(t1, x_t1, label='Original Signal: $x(t) = \sin(t)$', color='blue')
plt.plot(t1, compressed_signal, label='Compressed Signal: $y(t) = \sin(2t)$', color='red', linestyle='--')
plt.plot(t1, expanded_signal, label='Expanded Signal: $z(t) = \sin(0.5t)$', color='green', linestyle=':')

plt.title("Time Scaling of a Continuous-time Signal")


plt.xlabel("t")
plt.ylabel("Amplitude")
plt.axhline(0, color='black', linewidth=0.5, linestyle='--')
plt.axvline(0, color='black', linewidth=0.5, linestyle='--')
plt.grid(True)
plt.legend()
plt.show()
Homework:

• Describe and sketch 3 different types of signals (e.g., continuous-time,


discrete-time, periodic, aperiodic).

• Implement the time-shifting and time-scaling of a sine wave using Python.

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