A Study on Grid Connected PV

System
Under supervision by
each Sec :8
1.Fathi Mohsen Fathi
2.Anan Shaker Othman
3.Karim Alaa
4.Karim Ibrahim
5.Karim Taha
6.Mohammed Aboelsoud
Abstract:
• The interest of renewable resources has been
expanding quickly because of the ecological
concerns and need of energy. Solar
photovoltaic energy is as of now a standout
amongst the most prominent and sustainable
power resource on the earth. Inverter is the
basic segment in grid associated PV system.
At the point when PV is connected to grid
through inverter some significant terms like
total harmonic distortion, galvanic isolation,
anti-islanding discovery and voltage,
frequency ranges for continuous activity
must be in determined limits as per
principles. This paper reviews state of part of
discussion about various components in grid
connected photovoltaic systems.
1. INTRODUCTION :
• The current energy need of world is mostly fed by the conventional energy resources. These resources
are limited on the earth. The environment is polluted by CO2 emission, global warming and other
pollutions day by day. Among all renewable energy resources the solar energy has more attention than
others, as it act as a best alternative to conventional energy because of its availability. Technical
development in solar energy system makes it easy to implement in various application. Solar
photovoltaic (PV) system is mainly used to change solar energy into electrical energy, as it can be used
for small scale as well as large scale power generation. Due to the improvement in the semiconductor
technology the cost of the solar photovoltaic is reducing. Also the wide improvement in power electronics
helps to generate electricity at high efficiency and makes it possible to supply power straightly to the
grid [1],[3]. Grid connection is needed because there is better utilization of PV power and more energy is
harvested. Avoiding the usage of batteries in grid connected PV system has become cost effective with
less maintenance. As the PV module normally generates low voltage, so a boost converter is needed to
rise this DC voltage to a higher amplitude [2]. Fig.1 demonstrates the block diagram of a PV system
connected to the grid which contains PV panels from which the DC power is obtained and then it is
converted or boosted to a DC voltage having higher amplitude by using DC-DC converter. This high DC
voltage is transformed into AC by utilizing inverter which is additionally nourished to the single The
desired output from converter and inverter according to grid requirements is produced by using control
circuit. Maximum power point tracking is also included which is needed for maximum energy producing
by using several control techniques.
Block diagram of on grid connected pv system:
• The most important element of grid connected PV systems
are inverters. Inverter is a power electronic converter
which changes over DC power from PV panels into AC
power as compatible to grid. According to the architecture
there are three main inverter topologies they are central
inverter, string/multi-string inverter and module
integrated micro inverter. Central inverter topologies is
mostly suggested for large scale generation and it has
centralized inverter and common MPPT for PV array
(series-parallel connection of PV modules). String inverter
is the reduced version of central inverter, and in this
topology some number of modules are connected in series
(string) and inverter is connected to that string, where
each string has its own MPPT. Multi-string topology is
advancement in string inverter for bigger framework in
which strings have their very own DCDC converter and
these strings are associated with normal inverter lastly the
module coordinated miniaturized scale inverter in which
each PV modules has its very own inverter and individual
MPPT .
• 2. PV MODULE
• module represents the essential power transformation unit of a PV
generator system. The output characteristics of PV module relies
upon the sun based protection and the cell temperature. Since PV
module has nonlinear qualities, it is important to demonstrate it
for the structure and simulation of greatest power point following
(MPPT) for PV system application. The principle reason of its
popularity is that it doesn't utilize any outside source. We can
utilize the power which is created by the PV exhibit by nourishing
it to the AC source straightforwardly without utilizing any sort of
battery. Sun energy is completely free and plentifully accessible.
So as far as sustainable power source positioning daylight comes
in first position. With no natural effect or in straightforward words
with no ecological boundary it can produce continuous power, just
we have to uncover the PV array towards the daylight. It is
extremely simple to introduce, cheap in cost, irrelevant
maintenance cost .
• A. IMPLEMENTATION OF MFA TOWARD MPPT The boost converter as interface between PV
module and burden. The proposed calculation controls the DCDC help converter works at
the ideal obligation cycle comparing to MPP. The means of the proposed calculation toward
MPPT are portrayed as pursues: Step 1: introductory parameter of the AMFA, in particular,
β, α and populace estimate N. In this calculation, the situation of the firefly speaks to
obligation cycle of DC-DC converter. In this paper, the quantity of fireflies is picked as 5. A.
Step 2: the situation of firefly the relating PV yield control. The splendor of the firefly is
gotten from PV yield control. . Step 3: the firefly, which has most extreme brilliance stays
in its position while the rest of the fireflies update their position Step 4: the streamlining
calculation works until the last cycle
• B. HILL CLIMBING TECHNIQUES The hill climbing based techniques got its name because
of the shape of the power-voltage (P-V) curve. This has mainly three technique: Perturb &
Observe Algorithm (P&O) Modified Adaptive P & O Method Incremental Conductance
Algorithm (INC) The efficiency of P&O and INC algorithms is 96.5% and 98.2% respectively.
The average increase in energy extraction is found to be 16% to 43% by using
conventional hill climbing MPPT.
• C. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER From past few years by the help of modern microcontrollers
fuzzy logic control is very popular. The benefit of using these controllers is that it works
with very fluctuating inputs, it does not need any mathematical calculation [14]. To track
the maximum power point there are many techniques at which the power output of the PV
module is maximum. But the efficient technique among them is Fuzzy logic [15]. Its design
is very simple or we can say that its working model is very simple as compared to the
other conventional models. The components which are involved in FLCs are fuzzyfication,
rule base, inference, and defuzzyfication.
• III. CONVERTER
• The topologies of DC-DC converter are designed to meet specific demand of DC
loads. There are different verieties of DC-DC converter that can be functioned as
switching mode regulators that can regulate the unregulated DC voltage with
conversion to suitable utilization voltage through increase or decrease the value
of DC output voltage by using power switching devices for PWM switching at a
fixed frequency which are buck, boost, buck-boost, Single Ended Primary Inductor
Converter (SEPIC) and fly back– help converter. Every converter requires the
power exchanging gadgets for turn on and turn-off when it is required [13]. The
power exchanging gadgets, for example, MOSFETs, IGBTs, BJTs and thyristors are
utilized relying on the applications and parameters of structuring the circuit. So
as to trigger the power exchanging gadgets, proper door drive motions by
utilizing entryway driver circuit ought to be considered. The DC-DC converters
are driven by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) changing to control the converter
voltage, recurrence and stage delay.
• A. DC – DC BOOST CONVERTER illusrates basic circuit topology of a DC-DC
boost converter circuit contain of power switch (M), diode (D), inductor (L),
capacitor (C), switching controller and load (R). This topology can be used for
interface connection between low PV array voltage to a high battery bank input
voltage or any DC load [10]. The DC-DC boost converter will increase or step up
the voltage at the output to be greater than voltage at the input [8], [11].
Controller will function to control the switch for turn on and turnoff to increase
the input voltage to the needed value of output voltage. While turning ON the
switch it will reverse biased the diode and the inductor will store electrical energy.
Then the load will get supply current from the capacitor. When turning OFF the
switch the electrical energy stored in the inductor will be supplied to the load and
capacitor. Continuousconduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction
mode (DCM) are the two modes of operation of DC-DC boost converters. When
the DC-DC boost converter operates in CCM, the inductor current will be greater
than zero at all-time whereas during DCM, the inductor current will drop to zero
after each switching cycle [7], [9], [12]. Current research trends for DC-DC boost
converter with PV based power quality management are reported for harmonic
elimination, power factor correction, zero voltage regulation and load balancing.
• Circuit Analysis The imperative standard that works the converter has been penchant of the inductor to restrict variety in present by making
and pummelling an alluring field. In this converter, the yield voltage is always more prominent when it is compared to the voltage inputted. A
circuit of increased power stage is illustrated. (a) While closing the switch current flows from inductor in clockwise direction. The inductor will
store some of the energy which produces an alluring field. Furthest point in the lifter side of the inductor is certain. (b) When switch is in open
position, current might be decay because of greater impedance. The alluring field at one time made will be destroyed to keep current
upstream towards the stack. By this way the furthest point would be shifted (means inductor will have non positive extremity as an
afterthought) therefore sources would be in arrangement making high voltage.
• IV. INVERTER Inverters are static devices that convert DC output into AC output at desired voltage or current and frequency. Periodic
waveform will be the output voltage of the inverter. There are several types of inverters, and they are classified according to number of
phases, power semiconductor devices using, principals of communication, and output waveform. INVERTERS BASED ON PV SYSTEM TYPE
Based on the mode of operation, inverters are classified into three different categories:
• 1. Stand-alone inverters
• 2. Gridconnected inverters
• 3. Bimodal inverters. Various types of inverters, its disadvantages and advantages are studied in the following sections.
• TYPES OF GRID CONNECTED INVERTERS Apart from the operation mode, grid-connected inverters are further classified into four main
categories based on configuration topology.
• 1. Central inverters (several kW to 100 MW range).
• 2. String inverters (a few hundred Watts to a few kW).
• 3. Multi-string inverters (1 kW to 10 kW range).
• 4. Module Inverters or Micro Inverters (50 W to 500 W). A. CENTRAL INVERTER Central inverter system is the type of inverter system which
consist of number of panels which forms strings when it is connected in series and to form large system, these strings are connected in
parallel using string diode. PV panels with series– parallel connection is illustrated in Fig.3. To this arrangement of PV panel’s single centralized
inverter is connected. A unique solution to the three phase high power PV module on big scale is offered by the centralized inverter. With
convenient operation the system is mainly robust and the structure is easy. This inverter technology has some hurdles mainly as use high
voltage DC cable between PV modules and inverter, non-synchronizing losses between PV panels, use of inverter’s life span reducing high
rated bulky electrolyte capacitor. Centralized inverters are huge, heavy, not easy to install, power factor is poor, and harmonic content is high
in AC output current, design is not flexible and difficulties in integrating the system in future. One of the main drawback of centralized inverter
system is that to each PV module Maximum Power Point Tracking is not present. The overall performance of the PV system can be affected by
the partial shading and clouding effect on PV module and hence the generation of power will get decreased. Due to the above limitations, the
overall system efficiency decreases thereby other inverter topologies are promoted [19], [20]. Advantages of a Central Inverter 1. Traditional
inverter topology 2. System design and implementation is easy 3. Less cost per Watt 4. Maintenance and troubleshooting can be easily
accessible Disadvantages of a Central Inverter 1. Cost of DC wiring is high and Voltage Drop cause power loss. 2. For the entire PV system
single MPPT is present. 3. In the case of string mismatch and partial shading, output of the system can be drastically decreased 4. For the
future expansion it is difficult to add strings and arrays 5. For the entire system single failure point 6. Monitoring at array level 7. Bulky (It is a
drawback because, the huge size requires more space and shading issue is created for the PV array.)
• B. STRING INVERTER
• The drawbacks of central inverter system are not
completely overcome by the string inverter system. As
illustrated in Fig. 4 the string inverter system consists of
number of series connected panels to produce a string
and the inverter is connected to that string giving AC
power to the grid. The power rating of inverter is low up
to 5kW as the single string is connected to the inverter.
The Maximum Power Point Tracking is connected to
every string gives most accurate maximum power point
operation when compared with centralized inverter
system. Thereby we can reduce the partial shading or
clouding effect. The energy harvesting to the grid is
high in the entire system, string diode losses is reduced,
the electrolyte capacitor size is minimised, and the
inverter life span increases. String inverter efficiency is
more than that of the central inverter topology [21],
[17].
• Advantages of String Inverter
• 1. When compared to central inverters, string inverters
are smaller in size
• 2. MPPT capability per string is good
• 3. By adding parallel strings Short DC wires future
expansion is scalable. Disadvantages of a String Inverter
• 1. For each string special racking is required for the
inverter
• 2. At partial shading the flexibility is poor
• C. MICRO INVERTER
• Finally, we can look into
the micro inverters.
These are also
considered as module
inverters. Here, each
module is connected on
the back of the one
dedicated inverter. To the
DC side of the inverter
module’s DC terminals
are connected and then
all AC wires are combined
and then joined to the
utility interconnection
point as shown in Fig
• V. LCL FILTER
• The lessening of the LCL-channel is 60 dB/decade for
frequencies above resounding recurrence, accordingly lower
exchanging recurrence for the converter can be utilized. It
likewise gives better decoupling between the channel and
the lattice impedance and lower current swell over the
matrix inductor. In this way LCL-channel fits to our
application. The LCL channel has great current swell
lessening even with little inductance esteems. Anyway it can
bring additionally resonances and temperamental states into
the framework. In this way the channel must be planned
exactly as indicated by the parameters of the particular
converter. In the specialized writing we can discover
numerous articles on the structure of the LCL channels.
Significant parameter of the channel is its cut-off recurrence.
The cut-off recurrence of the channel must be insignificantly
one portion of the exchanging recurrence of the converter, in
light of the fact that the channel must have enough
weakening in the scope of the converter's exchanging
recurrence. The cut-off recurrence must have an adequate
separation from the lattice recurrence
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