Dr. Alaa M.

Zaki

sinaiuniversity.net
 Lecture 5

Boolean Analysis of
Logic Circuits

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 The Karnaugh Map

In the last lecture, we studied the minimization of an SOP expression using a Karnaugh
map. In this lecture, we focus on POS expressions. The approaches are much the same
except that with POS expressions, 0s representing the standard sum terms are placed on
the Karnaugh map instead of 1s.

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Karnaugh Map POS Minimization

Mapping a Standard POS Expression

For a POS expression in standard form, a 0 is placed on the Karnaugh map for each
sum term in the expression. Each 0 is placed in a cell corresponding to the value of a
sum term. For example, for the sum term A + B + C, a 0 goes in the 010 cell on a 3-
variable map.

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 When a POS expression is completely mapped, there will be a number of 0s on the
Karnaugh map equal to the number of sum terms in the standard POS expression. The cells
that do not have a 0 are the cells for which the expression is 1. Usually, when working with
POS expressions, the 1s are left off.
Step 1: Determine the binary value
of each sum term in the standard
POS expression. This is the binary
value that makes the term equal to 0.
Step 2: As each sum term is
evaluated, place a 0 on the Karnaugh
map in the corresponding cell.
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Example Map the following standard POS expression on a Karnaugh map:

(A + B + C + D) (A + B + C + D)(A + B + C + D)(A + B + C + D)(A + B + C + D)

Soluation Evaluate the expression as shown
below and place a 0 on the 4-variable
Karnaugh map in the Figure for each standard
sum term in the expression.
(A + B + C + D) (A + B + C + D)(A + B + C + D)

1100 1011 0010

(A + B + C + D)(A + B + C + D)
1111 0011

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Karnaugh Map Simplification of POS Expressions

The process for minimizing a POS expression is basically the same as for an SOP
expression except that you group 0s to produce minimum sum terms instead of grouping 1s
to produce minimum product terms. The rules for grouping the 0s are the same as those for
grouping the 1s that you learned in previous lecture.

Example

Use a Karnaugh map to minimize the following standard POS expression:

Also, derive the equivalent SOP expression.

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 Solution
The combinations of binary values of the expression are
(0 + 0 + 0)(0 + 0 + 1)(0 + 1 + 0)(0 + 1 + 1)(1 + 1 + 0)
Map the standard POS expression and group the cells as
shown in Figure
The sum term for each blue group is shown in the figure and
the resulting minimum POS expression is A(B + C)
Keep in mind that this minimum POS expression is
equivalent to the original standard POS expression.
Grouping the 1s as shown by the gray areas yields an SOP
expression that is equivalent to grouping the 0s. AC + AB = A(B + C)

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 ABCD X minterm
Minterm 0000 0
0001 1 m1
In the expression
0010 0
0011 1 m3
0100 1 m4
0101 1 m5
0110 0
0111 0
1000 0
1001 0
0 1 3 2 1 1
1010 1 m10
4 5 7 6 1 1 1011 0
12 13 15 14 1 1 1 1100 1 m12
8 9 11 10 1 1101 1 m13
1110 0
1111 1 m15
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 ABCD X minterm
Maxterm 0000 1
0001 1
In the expression
0010 0 M2
(A + B + C + D) (A + B + C + D)(A + B + C + D)(A + B + C + D)
0011 0 M3
(A + B + C + D)
0100 1
0101 1

∏ ( 𝑀2,𝑀3,𝑀11,𝑀12,𝑀15 )=∏ (2,3,11,12,15) 0110

0111
1000
1
1
1
1001 1
0 1 3 2 0 0
1010 1
4 5 7 6 1011 0 M11
12 13 15 14 0 0 1100 0 M12
8 9 11 10 0 1101 1
1110 1
1111 0 M
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Group the 1s in each of the Karnaugh maps in Figure

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Determining the Minimum SOP Expression from the Map

When all the 1s representing the standard product terms in an expression are properly
mapped and grouped, the process of determining the resulting minimum SOP expression
begins. The following rules are applied to find the minimum product terms and the
minimum SOP expression:

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Determining the Minimum SOP Expression from the Map
1- Determine the minimum product term for each group.
(a) For a 3-variable map:
(1) A 1-cell group yields a 3-variable product term
(2) A 2-cell group yields a 2-variable product term
(3) A 4-cell group yields a 1-variable term
(4) An 8-cell group yields a value of 1 for the expression
(b) For a 4-variable map:
(1) A 1-cell group yields a 4-variable product term
(2) A 2-cell group yields a 3-variable product term
(3) A 4-cell group yields a 2-variable product term
(4) An 8-cell group yields a 1-variable term
(5) A 16-cell group yields a value of 1 for the expression
2- When all the minimum product terms are derived from the Karnaugh map, they are
summed to form the minimum SOP expression.

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 THANK YOU

For any questions feel free

to contact me by mail
[email protected]

Dr. Alaa zaki