Scribd
Upload
23 views15 pages

Basics of Computer Organization

Uploaded by

Himanshu Goswami
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views15 pages

Basics of Computer Organization

Uploaded by

Himanshu Goswami
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

BASICS OF COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION

By Ms. KRITIKA SINGH


(Assistant Professor Forensics Science)
Definition: Computer
organization refers to the
operational structure of
computer components and how
Introduct they interact to perform
processing and storage.
ion
Why it’s
Important:
Efficient organization leads to optimized system
performance.
Understanding helps with system upgrades, troubleshooting,
and software optimization.
Components of a
Computer

• Main Components:
• Input Devices: Provide data to the
system (e.g., Keyboard, Mouse).
• Output Devices: Display or output the
processed data (e.g., Monitor, Printer).
• Central Processing Unit (CPU):
Executes instructions.
• Memory: Stores data temporarily or
permanently (e.g., RAM, ROM).
• Storage Devices: Long-term data
storage (e.g., Hard drives, SSDs).
Function: These devices allow users to provide
data and commands to the computer system.

• Examples:
• Keyboard: Inputs text and commands via
keys.
Input • Mouse: Allows for point-and-click
interaction with the graphical user
Devices: interface (GUI).
• Scanner: Converts physical documents
into digital formats.
• Microphone: Captures audio input.
• Touchscreen: Both an input and output
device.
Output Devices:

Definition: Devices that display, print, or otherwise output data processed by the
computer.
• Examples:
• Monitor: Displays visual output (UI, graphics, text).
• Printer: Produces hard copies of digital documents.
• Speakers: Outputs sound signals from digital sources.
• Projector: Displays large-scale visual output for presentations.
Central Processing Unit (CPU):

Definition: The CPU processes instructions from


programs and performs calculations, logical
comparisons, and manages data flow.

Main Components:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Executes Control Unit (CU): Directs the operation Registers: Small, fast storage locations
all arithmetic and logical operations. of the processor, controls input/output in the CPU.
• Example: Addition, Subtraction, AND/OR operations. operations. • Store data, instructions, addresses temporarily
• Fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, during execution.
and manages execution.
Memory:

Definition: The arrangement of Pyramid Structure: Importance: Different levels


memory in a system based on balance speed and cost; higher
speed, capacity, and cost. levels provide fast access to
Registers: Fastest, smallest, in CPU. frequently used data.
Cache Memory: Close to CPU, faster than
main memory, but limited capacity.
Main Memory (RAM): Primary working
memory for active processes.
Secondary Storage (HDD/SSD): Slower,
high capacity.
Tertiary Storage (Optical Disks, USB
drives): Removable and slower.
Storage Devices:
• Function: These devices provide long-term storage for
data and programs.
• Types:
• Hard Drives (HDDs): Traditional storage devices with
spinning disks that store data magnetically.
• Solid State Drives (SSDs): Faster storage devices with no
moving parts, using flash memory to store data.
• Optical Discs (CDs/DVDs): Discs that store data using
optical technology.
Memory Types Overview

• Primary Memory: Directly accessible by CPU.


• RAM: Volatile memory used for currently running programs
and data.
• ROM: Non-volatile memory used for system firmware (e.g.,
BIOS).
• Secondary Memory: Used for long-term storage of
data (e.g., HDD, SSD).
• Tertiary Storage: Off-line storage used for backups or
data transfer (e.g., USB drives, DVDs).
• Visual: Diagram distinguishing between primary,
secondary, and tertiary memory.
Random Access Memory (RAM)

• Definition: Temporary, volatile memory that stores programs


and data that are actively used.
• Types:
• Static RAM (SRAM): Does not need to be refreshed frequently,
faster, used in cache memory.
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM): Needs to be refreshed regularly, slower
than SRAM, but cheaper, used as main system memory.
• Characteristics:
• Volatile: Data is lost when power is turned off.
• Faster read/write speeds than secondary storage.
Read-Only Memory (ROM)

• Definition: Permanent, non-volatile memory that stores


the computer’s firmware (BIOS, bootloader).
• Types:
• PROM: Can be written once.
• EPROM: Can be erased using UV light and rewritten.
• EEPROM: Can be erased and rewritten using electrical
signals, commonly used in BIOS.
• Characteristics:
• Non-volatile: Retains data without power.
• Generally slower and smaller than RAM.
Cache Memory

• Definition: High-speed memory that stores copies of


frequently used data from main memory.
• Purpose: Reduces access time for frequently accessed
data, improving CPU performance.
• Types:
• L1 Cache: Smallest, fastest, located inside the CPU.
• L2 Cache: Larger, slower than L1, may be inside or outside
the CPU.
• L3 Cache: Shared among multiple cores in multi-core
processors.
External Storage Devices

• Hard Disk Drives (HDDs):


• Mechanical drives that store data on magnetic disks.
• Slower than SSDs but offer higher capacity at lower cost.
• Solid State Drives (SSDs):
• No moving parts, use flash memory, much faster than HDDs.
• More expensive per gigabyte but with faster read/write times.
• Other Devices:
• USB Drives: Portable, plug-and-play storage.
• Optical Discs (CD/DVD): Used for media storage and
distribution.
• Cloud Storage: Data stored remotely on servers accessed
via the internet.
Memory Access and
Performance
• Factors Affecting Performance:
• Access Time: Time taken to read/write data from memory.
• Memory Bandwidth: The amount of data transferred per
second.
• Latency: Delay before the transfer of data begins.
Conclusion

• Components of a computer: Input/output devices, CPU,


memory.
• Memory hierarchy: Faster, smaller memory closer to the
CPU.
• Different types of memory (RAM, ROM) and storage
devices (HDD, SSD).

You might also like