Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 8 views

    ANS Pharmacology Autosaved

    Uploaded by

    stephanie

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    ANS Pharmacology Autosaved

    Uploaded by

    stephanie
    8 views17 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    8 views17 pages

    ANS Pharmacology Autosaved

    Uploaded by

    stephanie

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 17

    Autonomic Nervous System

    (ANS) Pharmacology
    Kitz Kyiel M. Espartero, RN, MAN
    INTRODUCTION

    • The central nervous system (CNS) is the body’s primary nervous system and
    consists of the brain and spinal cord.
    • The peripheral nervous system (PNS), located outside the brain and spinal cord,
    is made up of two divisions: the autonomic and the somatic.
    • The autonomic nervous system (ANS), also called the visceral system, acts on
    smooth muscles and glands. Its functions include control and regulation of the
    heart, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, bladder, eyes, and glands. The
    ANS is an involuntary nervous system, over which we have little or no control:
    we breathe, our hearts beat, and peristalsis continues without our realizing it.
    • the somatic nervous system is a voluntary system that innervates skeletal
    muscles, over which there is control.
    The two sets of neurons in the autonomic component of the PNS are
    the
    1. afferent, or sensory, neurons
    send impulses to the CNS, where they are interpreted.
    2. efferent, or motor, neurons.
    receive the impulses (information) from the brain and transmit these
    impulses through the spinal cord to the effector organ cells.
    • The efferent pathways in the ANS are divided into two branches: the
    sympathetic and the parasympathetic nerves.
    • these two branches are called the sympathetic nervous system and
    the parasympathetic nervous system
    The sympathetic nervous system is also called the adrenergic system
    • neurotransmitter is norepinephrine.
    • The adrenergic receptor organ cells are of four types: alpha1, alpha2, beta1,
    and beta2
    • Norepinephrine is released from the terminal nerve ending and stimulates
    the cell receptors to produce a response.
    The parasympathetic nervous system is called the cholinergic system
    • neurotransmitter is acetylcholine.
    • The cholinergic receptors at organ cells are either nicotinic or muscarinic,
    meaning that they are stimulated by the alkaloids nicotine and muscarine,
    respectively.
    • Acetylcholine stimulates the receptor cells to produce a response, but the
    enzyme acetylcholinesterase may inactivate acetylcholine before it reaches
    the receptor cell.
    Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous
    System (ANS)
    • Overview of ANS: Controls involuntary
    functions like heart rate, BP, digestion, and
    respiration.
    • Divisions: Sympathetic (SNS) and
    Parasympathetic (PNS)
    • Neurotransmitters:
    – Norepinephrine (SNS)
    – Acetylcholine (PNS)
    Pharmacology of the Sympathetic Nervous
    System (SNS)
    • Adrenergic Receptors:
    – Alpha (α1, α2), Beta (β1, β2, β3)
    • Alpha-1 (α1):
    – Vasoconstriction, increased BP
    • Beta-1 (β1):
    – Increases heart rate and contractility
    • Beta-2 (β2):
    – Bronchodilation, vasodilation
    Adrenergic Agonists (Sympathomimetics)

    • Mechanism: Mimic norepinephrine or


    epinephrine.
    • Examples:
    – Epinephrine (anaphylaxis),
    – Albuterol (asthma),
    – Dobutamine (heart failure)
    Adrenergic Antagonists (Sympatholytics)

    • Mechanism: Block effects of norepinephrine


    and epinephrine.
    • Examples:
    – Propranolol (hypertension),
    – Atenolol (angina),
    – Prazosin (BPH)
    Pharmacology of the Parasympathetic
    Nervous System (PNS)
    Cholinergic Receptors:
    • Muscarinic receptors:
    – Mediate rest-and-digest functions
    • Nicotinic receptors:
    – Involved in muscle contraction and transmission
    Cholinergic Agonists
    (Parasympathomimetics)
    • Mechanism: Mimic acetylcholine.
    • Examples:
    – Bethanechol (urinary retention),
    – Pilocarpine (glaucoma)
    Anticholinergics (Parasympatholytics)
    • Mechanism: Block acetylcholine at muscarinic
    receptors.
    • Examples:
    – Atropine (bradycardia),
    – Ipratropium (COPD),
    – Scopolamine (motion sickness)
    Adverse Effects and Nursing Considerations

    • Adrenergic Drugs: Tachycardia, hypertension,


    anxiety.
    • Cholinergic Drugs: Bradycardia, hypotension,
    increased secretions.
    • Anticholinergics: Dry mouth, constipation,
    urinary retention.
    Clinical Application and Case Studies

    1. A patient with asthma treated with a beta-2


    agonist.
    2. A hypertensive patient receiving a beta-blocker.
    3. A patient with bradycardia treated with a
    muscarinic antagonist.
    4. Patient with Overactive Bladder Treated with a
    Muscarinic Antagonist
    References
    • Lehne, R. A., Burchum, J. R., & Rosenthal, L. D.
    (2019). Lehne’s Pharmacology for Nursing
    Care (10th ed.). Elsevier.
    • Lilley, L. L., Collins, S. R., & Snyder, J. S. (2020).
    Pharmacology and the Nursing Process (10th
    ed.). Elsevier.
    • Ritter, J. M., Flower, R. J., Henderson, G., &
    Rang, H. P. (2020). Rang & Dale's
    Pharmacology (9th ed.). Elsevier.

    You might also like